Chapter 11 - General Principles of Pathophysiology Random Questions

Question 0

Edema is a problem of _____ _________. It does not always indicate _____ ______.

Answer 0

Fluid distribution, fluid excess

Question 1

What are the 4 basic types of tissues form?

Answer 1

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissues (including hematological tissue)
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue

Question 2

Normal flow of fluid through the interstitial spaces depends on the what 4 factors?

Answer 2

1. The capillary hydrostatic pressure the filters fluid from the blood through the capillary wall
2. The oncotic pressure exerted by the proteins in the blood plasma, which attracts fluid from the interstitial space back into the vascular compartment
3. The permeability of the capillaries, which determines how easily fluid can pass through the capillary wall
4. The presence of open lymphatic channels, which collect some of the fluid forced out of the capillaries by the hydrostatic pressure of the blood and return the fluid to the circulation

Question 3

What are the 4 mechanics most often responsible for edema?

Answer 3

1. An increase in the hydrostatic pressure
2. A decrease in the plasma on optic pressure
3. An increase in capillary permeability
4. Lymphatic obstruction

Question 4

What are 2 causes of increased capillary hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 4

Venous obstruction

Sodium and water retention

Question 5

How is the hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries effected when there is a venous obstruction?

Answer 5

Hydrostatic pressure of fluid in the capillaries can become great enough to cause fluid to escape into the interstitial space

Question 6

What are 5 conditions that can lead to venous obstruction and edema?

Answer 6

Thrombophlebitis (the formation of a blood clot and inflammation in a vein)

Chronic venous disease

Hepatic obstruction (blockage of hepatic veins or common bile duct)

Tight clothing around an extremity

Prolonged standing

Question 7

How does sodium and water retention cause an increase in capillary Hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 7

By causing an increase in circulating fluid volume (volume overload) and edema

Question 8

What are two conditions associated with the sodium and water retention

Answer 8

Congestive heart failure (CHF)

renal failure

Question 9

what causes a decrease in plasma oncotic pressure?

what is the result of it?

What two conditions often cause this result?

Answer 9

A decrease in plasma albumin concentration leads to a decrease in plasma oncotic pressure

results in fluid moving into the interstitial space

most often caused by liver disease or protein malnutrition

Question 10

Increased capillary permeability is associate with what conditions?

Answer 10

Allergic reactions

inflammation and the immune response triggered by trauma such as burns or crushing injuries

Question 11

How does edema developed due to an increase in capillary permeability?

Answer 11

It can develop as a result from a greater than normal filtration of fluid into the interstitial space possibly causing a protein to escape from the vascular bed resulting in capillary oncotic pressure to decrease and the fluid oncotic pressure to increase

Question 12

How does Edema develop due to lymphatic obstruction?

Answer 12

Edema can develop when a lymphatic channel is obstructed by infection or a surgically removed resulting in proteins and fluid accumulation in the interstitial space obstructing the normal pathway which fluid is returned from the interstitial space into the circulation

Question 13

What conditions cause lymphatic obstruction?

Answer 13

in the channels can become obstructed by certain malignancies and parasitic infections and the removal of the lymphatics as a result from radical mastectomy which requires the removal of the axillary lymph nodes

Question 14

Osmotic pressure depends on what two factors?

Answer 14

1. the number and molecular weight of particles on each side of the cell membrane
2. The membrane permeability to these particles

Question 15

If a living cell is placed in a solution that has a higher solute concentration and a lower water concentration than that inside the cell (hypertonic solution) what would occur?

Answer 15

Because of the osmotic pressure the water molecules would diffuse across from the cell (lower solute concentration) into the high solute (salt or sugar) concentration solution (Hypertonic solution) causing the salt to dehydrate, shrink, and possibly die (crenation)

Question 16

If a living cel is placed in a solution that has a lower solute concentration (and a higher water concentration) then the inside of the cell and what would occur?

Answer 16

The osmotic pressure draws water from the solution into the cell possibly causing it to swell and burst causing lysis

Question 17

What are two types of carrier mediated transports?

Answer 17

Active transport & facilitated transport