Chapter 11: Complex sentences

Question 1

1) complexe sentences

Answer 1

= two or more clauses
= differs in coordination and subordination (complement clauses (function as complements); adverbial clauses (optional); relative clauses (function as attributes))

(1) John walked in the garden and Mary talked to a friend. –> coordinate
(2) I saw that she was leaving. –> complement
(3) Jack closed the door bc. he was freezing. –> adverbial
(4) The man who talked to Sue is my friend. –> relative

Question 2

2) main, subordinate, matrix

Answer 2

main clause
(1) I saw that she was leaving.
Matrix subordinate
clause clause

Question 3

3) coordinate clause

Answer 3

(pic in notes)

= one of two or more clauses in a sentence that are of equal importance + usually joined by and, or, that…

coordinate conjunctions:

• and
• but
• or
• ….

Question 4

4) comment clauses

Answer 4

(pics in notes)

= a subordinate clause that functions as the subject, direct object or prepositional object of a verb

complement clauses are introduced by:

• that (wether, if)
• no marker

Question 5

5) adverbial clauses

Answer 5

= a dependent clause that functions as an adverb

(1) He went to bed, they left.
(2) Peter closed the door he was freezing.
(3) they left, he went to bed.

types:

• temporal conjunctions: when, while, before, since until
• causal conjunctions: because, as, since
• conditional conjunctions: if

Question 6

6) relative clauses

Answer 6

= a clause that is attached to an antecedent by a relative pronoun

(1) She met my brother .
(2) The man <i> lives in Berlin.</i>

relative marker:
- that, when, who, whose, which, zero

restrictive vs. non-restrictive clauses:

• She met my brother who lives in Berlin. –> restrictive
• She met my brother, who lives in Berlin. –> non-restrictive (bc. of the comma)</i>

Question 7

7) Finitness

Answer 7

Complement-clauses:

(1) I want . –> finite
(2) I want . –> non-finite

Adverbial-clauses:

(1) Jim fell asleep . –> finite
(2) Jim fell asleep .

Relative-clauses:

(1) The man is my friend. –> finite
(2) The man is my friend. –> non-finite

Verb types:
- Infinitives:
   ° He wants .
   ° The train  is for London. 
   ° She was running .
- -ing forms (non-finite):
   ° I enjoy .
   ° , Jim fell asleep.
   ° The man  is my brother.
- -ed forms:
   ° The meal  is tasteless.