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PE Applied Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 1.1 Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Chapter 1.1 Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process of cardiac conduction?

A
  1. Sinoatrial node (SAN)
  2. Atria contract
  3. Atriovascular node (AVN) (0.1 second delay)
  4. Bundle of his
  5. bundle branches
  6. Purkinje fibres
  7. The ventricles contract
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2
Q

Why does the AVN delay the impulses sent through the heart?

A

Because it allows for the ventricles to fill up with blood before they contract.

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3
Q

define diastole

A

The relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle

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4
Q

Define systole

A

The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle

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5
Q

Define stroke volume

A

The volume of blood that leaves the heart during each contraction

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6
Q

Define health

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not just the absence of illness disease or injury.

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7
Q

Define fitness

A

The ability to meet and cope with the demands of the environment.

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8
Q

Define physical activity

A

Being active and taking part in exercise

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9
Q

Define heart rate

A

Number of times the heart beats in a minute

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10
Q

Define Anticipatory rise

A

Slight increase in heart rate before activity starts due to the expectation of exercise

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11
Q

define Cardiac output

A

The amount of blood that is pumped out of the heart each minute.
Measured in L/min
Cardiac output= Stroke Volume x Heart Rate

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12
Q

List 3 ways exercise improves your physical health

A
  • cardiac hypertrophy (the heart expels more blood per contraction)
  • more red blood cells
  • increased metabolic rate
  • increased lifespan
  • reduction in health risks
  • lungs get stronger
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13
Q

Describe the pathway of blood (starting with the vena cavae)

A
  1. Vena Cavae
  2. Right atrium
  3. Tricuspid valve
  4. Right ventricle
  5. Pulmonary semilunar valve
  6. Pulmonary artery
  7. Lungs
  8. Pulmonary vein
  9. Left atrium
  10. Bicuspid valve
  11. Left ventricle
  12. Aortic semilunar valve
  13. Aorta
  14. Body
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14
Q

What blood vessel carries blood away from the heart

A

Away

A for Artery

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15
Q

What blood vessel carries blood to the heart

A

Veins

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16
Q

What is the role of valves

A

To prevent backflow

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17
Q

Define sympathetic system

A

A part of the autonomic nervous system that increases heart rate

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18
Q

Define parasympathetic system

A

A part of the autonomic system that decreases heart rate

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19
Q

What is the medulla oblongata

A

The most important part of the brain, it regulates processes that keep us alive such as breathing and heart rate.

20
Q

Name the three receptors

A

Chemoreceptors
Baroreceptor
Proprioceptors

21
Q

What are chemoreceptors

A

Detect chemical changes in the blood and increase heart rate.
Increased CO2 and increased acidity ——> increased HR

22
Q

Individual benefits to a trained athlete

A 
Increased red blood cells, haemoglobin and myoglobin
cardiac hypertrophy 
Larger heart chambers 
Higher SV + lower resting HR 
Faster return to resting HR
23
Q

What is meant by the heart being myogenic

A

The heart has the ability to create its own impulses without the brain

24
Q

List the short term effects of exercise

A

Increased HR due to rising adrenaline
Increased SV due to stronger ventricular contractions
Increased cardiac output

25
Q

Long term effects of exercise

A 
Lower resting HR 
Cardiac hypertrophy 
Increased number of capillaries 
Increase in red blood cells 
Larger SV and Q
26
Q

What are baroreceptors

A

They detect an increase in blood pressure and decrease the HR

Increase in blood pressure ——>decrease in HR

27
Q

What are proprioceptors

A

They detect an increase in muscle movement and increase HR

Increase in muscle movement ——> increase in HR

28
Q

Define ejection fraction

A

The percentage of blood pumped out the left ventricle per beat

29
Q

During exercise why does blood redistribute around the body ?

A

The blood redistributes to get more blood therefore more oxygen tot the working muscles.
Blood vessels constrict around the digestive system and dilate in the working muscles

30
Q

During exercise ______receptors detect chemical changes in the blood.
These receptors stimulate the vasomotor centre located in the _______
__________ which redistributes the blood through vaso________ and vaso________

A

Chemo, medulla oblongata, constriction, dilation

31
Q

Describe the transportation of oxygen

A

Oxygen from the lungs —> red blood cell (haemoglobin) —> oxygen released into tissue —>oxygen stored in myoglobin —> oxygen is take to the mitochondria

32
Q 
Plasma = fluid part of the blood (mainly water)
Haemoglobin = binds with oxygen in red blood cells 
Myoglobin= transports oxygen in the muscle tissues 
Mitochondria = part of the cell where respiration takes place
A

:)

33
Q

What is the Bohr shift

A

When and increase in blood temperature, an increase in CO2 and a decrease in pH results in a reduction of the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen.
More oxygen is released from the haemoglobin to provide more oxygen to the working muscles.

34
Q

What is cardio vascular drift

A

This is after prolonged exercise (over 10 minutes) in a warm environment.
Water loss due to sweat reduces the amount of plasma in the blood.
This reduction in plasma means venous return and stroke volume decrease.
This results in HR increasing to keep cardiac output high.

35
Q

What is venous return

A

The volume of blood returned to the right atrium via the vena cava

36
Q

What are the three main factors influencing venous return

A
  1. The skeletal muscle pump
  2. The respiratory pump
  3. Pocket valves
37
Q

What is the muscular skeletal pump

A
  • when muscles contract and relax they put pressure against adjacent veins, squeezing blood back towards the heart
38
Q

Explain the respiratory pump

A

When muscles contract and relax when breathing in and out pressure changes compress nearby veins assisting venous return

39
Q

Explain how pocket valves assist venous return

A

Ensure blood only flows in one direction, they prevent back flow.

40
Q

What 3 other factors aid venous return

A
  • smooth muscles in walls of the veins that help squeeze blood back towards the heart
  • gravity help venous return of blood in the upper body
  • the suction pump action of the heart
41
Q

What is starlings law

A

Venous return = stroke volume

42
Q

What is the vascular shunt mechanism

A

The redistribution of cardiac output between rest and exercise.
Blood taken away from the digestive system and brain to provide more oxygen to the working muscles

43
Q

What is arterio-venous difference

A

A-VO2 difference is the difference between oxygen content in the arterial blood arriving in the muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscles.
This difference is higher when exercising than at rest.
Trained performers will have a higher difference as performers can extract a greater amount of oxygen.

44
Q

State and explain the two types of circulation

A
  1. Pulmonary - deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart
  2. Systematic - oxygenated blood to the body from the heart and deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart
45
Q

How do you calculate maximum HR

A

220 - age

46
Q

What is cardiac hypertrophy

A

The thickening of the muscular wall of the heart so it becomes bigger and stronger

47
Q

What is bradycardia

A

When a performers resting HR sits below 60BPM

PE Applied Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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