Chapter 1.1 Cardiovascular System Flashcards by Annie Gillett

What is the process of cardiac conduction?

Sinoatrial node (SAN)
Atria contract
Atriovascular node (AVN) (0.1 second delay)
Bundle of his
bundle branches
Purkinje fibres
The ventricles contract

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why does the AVN delay the impulses sent through the heart?

Because it allows for the ventricles to fill up with blood before they contract.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

define diastole

The relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define systole

The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define stroke volume

The volume of blood that leaves the heart during each contraction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define health

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not just the absence of illness disease or injury.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define fitness

The ability to meet and cope with the demands of the environment.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define physical activity

Being active and taking part in exercise

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define heart rate

Number of times the heart beats in a minute

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define Anticipatory rise

Slight increase in heart rate before activity starts due to the expectation of exercise

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

define Cardiac output

The amount of blood that is pumped out of the heart each minute.
Measured in L/min
Cardiac output= Stroke Volume x Heart Rate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

List 3 ways exercise improves your physical health

cardiac hypertrophy (the heart expels more blood per contraction)
more red blood cells
increased metabolic rate
increased lifespan
reduction in health risks
lungs get stronger

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Describe the pathway of blood (starting with the vena cavae)

Vena Cavae
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Pulmonary artery
Lungs
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Bicuspid valve
Left ventricle
Aortic semilunar valve
Aorta
Body

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What blood vessel carries blood away from the heart

Away

A for Artery

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What blood vessel carries blood to the heart

Veins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the role of valves

To prevent backflow

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define sympathetic system

A part of the autonomic nervous system that increases heart rate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define parasympathetic system

A part of the autonomic system that decreases heart rate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the medulla oblongata

The most important part of the brain, it regulates processes that keep us alive such as breathing and heart rate.

Name the three receptors

Chemoreceptors
Baroreceptor
Proprioceptors

What are chemoreceptors

Detect chemical changes in the blood and increase heart rate.
Increased CO2 and increased acidity ——> increased HR

Individual benefits to a trained athlete

Increased red blood cells, haemoglobin and myoglobin
cardiac hypertrophy 
Larger heart chambers 
Higher SV + lower resting HR 
Faster return to resting HR

What is meant by the heart being myogenic

The heart has the ability to create its own impulses without the brain

List the short term effects of exercise

Increased HR due to rising adrenaline
Increased SV due to stronger ventricular contractions
Increased cardiac output

Long term effects of exercise

``` Lower resting HR Cardiac hypertrophy Increased number of capillaries Increase in red blood cells Larger SV and Q ```

What are baroreceptors

They detect an increase in blood pressure and decrease the HR Increase in blood pressure ——>decrease in HR

What are proprioceptors

They detect an increase in muscle movement and increase HR Increase in muscle movement ——> increase in HR

Define ejection fraction

The percentage of blood pumped out the left ventricle per beat

During exercise why does blood redistribute around the body ?

The blood redistributes to get more blood therefore more oxygen tot the working muscles. Blood vessels constrict around the digestive system and dilate in the working muscles

During exercise ______receptors detect chemical changes in the blood. These receptors stimulate the vasomotor centre located in the _______ __________ which redistributes the blood through vaso________ and vaso________

Chemo, medulla oblongata, constriction, dilation

Describe the transportation of oxygen

Oxygen from the lungs —> red blood cell (haemoglobin) —> oxygen released into tissue —>oxygen stored in myoglobin —> oxygen is take to the mitochondria

``` Plasma = fluid part of the blood (mainly water) Haemoglobin = binds with oxygen in red blood cells Myoglobin= transports oxygen in the muscle tissues Mitochondria = part of the cell where respiration takes place ```

What is the Bohr shift

When and increase in blood temperature, an increase in CO2 and a decrease in pH results in a reduction of the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen. More oxygen is released from the haemoglobin to provide more oxygen to the working muscles.

What is cardio vascular drift

This is after prolonged exercise (over 10 minutes) in a warm environment. Water loss due to sweat reduces the amount of plasma in the blood. This reduction in plasma means venous return and stroke volume decrease. This results in HR increasing to keep cardiac output high.

What is venous return

The volume of blood returned to the right atrium via the vena cava

What are the three main factors influencing venous return

1. The skeletal muscle pump 2. The respiratory pump 3. Pocket valves

What is the muscular skeletal pump

- when muscles contract and relax they put pressure against adjacent veins, squeezing blood back towards the heart

Explain the respiratory pump

When muscles contract and relax when breathing in and out pressure changes compress nearby veins assisting venous return

Explain how pocket valves assist venous return

Ensure blood only flows in one direction, they prevent back flow.

What 3 other factors aid venous return

- smooth muscles in walls of the veins that help squeeze blood back towards the heart - gravity help venous return of blood in the upper body - the suction pump action of the heart

What is starlings law

Venous return = stroke volume

What is the vascular shunt mechanism

The redistribution of cardiac output between rest and exercise. Blood taken away from the digestive system and brain to provide more oxygen to the working muscles

What is arterio-venous difference

A-VO2 difference is the difference between oxygen content in the arterial blood arriving in the muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscles. This difference is higher when exercising than at rest. Trained performers will have a higher difference as performers can extract a greater amount of oxygen.

State and explain the two types of circulation

1. Pulmonary - deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart 2. Systematic - oxygenated blood to the body from the heart and deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart

How do you calculate maximum HR

220 - age

What is cardiac hypertrophy

The thickening of the muscular wall of the heart so it becomes bigger and stronger

What is bradycardia

When a performers resting HR sits below 60BPM