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PE Applied Anatomy and Physiology > 1.1 Energy Systems > Flashcards

1.1 Energy Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and how is energy produced from it

A
  • The only usable form of energy in the body
  • ATPase (enzyme) breaks down ATP into ADP (adenosine di-phosphate)
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2
Q

How long does stored ATP in the muscles provide the body with energy

A

2-3 seconds

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3
Q

What are the 3 energy systems

A
  • ATP-PC system
  • anaerobic glycolytic
  • aerobic
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4
Q

Intensity and duration of the ATP-PC system

A
  • maximal high intensity
  • > 10 seconds
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5
Q

Intensity and duration of the anaerobic glycolytic system

A
  • mid to high intensity
  • 2-3 mins
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6
Q

Intensity and duration of the aerobic system

A
  • low intensity
  • duration 2 minutes to hours
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7
Q

Explain how the ATP-PC system works

A
  • phosphocreatine broken down into phosphate and creating by creating kinase (enzyme) creating energy
  • this energy is then used to combine ADP with phosphate to make 1 ATP
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8
Q

Advantages of the ATP-PC system

A
  • ATP can be re synthesised rapidly
  • phosphocreatine stores can be replenished quickly 50% in 30 seconds 100% in 3 minutes
  • no fatiguing by products
  • ATP-PC system can be boosted through creating supplements
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9
Q

Disadvantages of the ATP-PC system

A
  • only lasts 10 seconds
  • low ATP yield only 1
  • PC can only be resynthesised in the presence of oxygen (when intensity drops)
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10
Q

What is the anaerobic glycolytic system

A

Glycogen from the liver/muscle is broken down into glucose
Glucose is then further broken down by the enzyme (PFK) into pyruvic acid
This produces 2 ATP and in the absence of oxygen lactic acid

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11
Q

Advantages of the anaerobic glycolytic system

A
  • ATP resynthesised fairly quickly
  • lasts longer than the ATP-PC system
  • in the presence of oxygen lactic acid can be converted back into glycogen or be used as fuel through oxidation
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12
Q

Disadvantages of the anaerobic glycolytic system

A
  • lactic acid is a fatiguing byproduct
  • only small yield of ATP out of the glycogen
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13
Q

Explain how the aerobic system produces energy

A

Three stages:
1. Glycolysis - glycogen broken down into glucose which is broken down by PFK into pyruvic acid
Before stage two the pyruvic acid is oxidised into two acetyl groups
2. Kerbs cycle- the acetyl groups are carried by coenzyme A into the matrix of the mitochondria where they combine with oxaloacetic acid to from citric acid, creates 2 ATP and byproducts of carbon dioxide and hydrogen
3. Electron transport chain - hydrogen split into ions and electrons, ions are oxidised to make water and the electrons provide energy to resynthesise 34 ATP

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14
Q

Advantages of the aerobic energy system

A
  • high ATP yield 38
  • no fatiguing by products
  • can last a long time
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15
Q

Disadvantages of the aerobic energy system

A
  • complicated system can’t be used straight away, takes a while for oxygen levels to meet the demand of the exercise
  • can’t be used at high or maximal intensities
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16
Q

define oxygen consumption

A

the amount of oxygen we use to produce ATP (VO2)

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17
Q

what is meant by VO2 max

A

the maximum volume of oxygen that can be taken up by the muscles per minute

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18
Q

what is the volume of oxygen consumption at rest

A

0.3-0.4 litres per minute

19
Q

what is the range of maximal oxygen consumption when exercising

A

3-6 litres per minute

20
Q

explain how oxygen deficit is created

A

when exercise is started the aerobic system is not meeting the oxygen demands, this means energy must be created anaerobically. this can come on different scales.
sub-maximal oxygen debt
maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD)

21
Q

what are the two components of EPOC

A

fast component
slow component

22
Q

what is meant by EPOC

A
  • excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
  • returns the body to its pre-exercise state
23
Q

outline the fast component of EPOC

A
  • occurs 2-3 minutes following the event
  • uses around 1-4 litres of O2
  • restores PC stores
  • restores oxygen in the myoglobin
24
Q

outline the slow component of EPOC

A
  • can take up to an hour or longer
  • removal of lactic acid
  • glycogen replenishment
  • maintains HR and BR
25
Q

what is OBLA

A

Onset Blood Lactate Accumulation
- when lactate levels go above 4 millimoles per L
- above 4 breaches the threshold that a performer can manage and causes rapid lactate build-up
- this is around the same in every individual
- HOWEVER each individual reaches OBLA at a different intensity
- well-trained athletes with a high VO2 max will reach higher intensities before they reach OBLA

26
Q

what physiological factors affect the rate of lactate accumulation

A
  • exercise intensity (higher intensity, faster OBLA)
  • muscle fibre types (slow twitch, less lactate)
  • the rate of blood lactate removal
  • the respiratory exchange ratio
  • fitness of the performer (fitter person, OBLA delayed)
27
Q

what are the factors affecting VO2 max

A
  • cardiac hypertrophy, leading to higher SV,Q and ejection fraction
  • increased myoglobin, haemoglobin, red blood cells, mitochondria
    capillary density
28
Q

how is lactic acid removed during the slow component of EPOC

A
  • coverted back into pyruvate and CO2 and water in the presence of oxygen
  • transported to the liver to be turned into glycogen or glucose
  • converted into protein
  • removed in sweat and urine
29
Q

what is meant by buffering

A
  • process that aids the removal of lactate and maintains acidity levels
  • allows athletes to work at higher intensities for longer as OBLA is delayed
  • they fatigue slower
30
Q

what are the non-physiological factors affecting VO2 max

A
  • gender (males tend to have higher VO2 maxes)
  • age (VO2 gradually declines with age)
  • lifestyle choices (smoking destroys alveoli reducing VO2 max)
  • genetics, children tend to inherit similar VO2 maxes to their parents
  • training, aerobic training can improve VO2 max by 10-20%
31
Q

what are the 4 measures of energy expenditure?

A
  • indirect calorimetry
  • lactate sampling
  • VO2 max test
  • respiratory exchange ratio
32
Q

what is lactate sampling

A
  • taking a small sample of the blood when the athlete is completing the activity
  • shows the number of millimoles of lactate in the blood at a given time
  • can be used to identify when the performer hits OBLA, this is an indication the performer is beyond their VO2 max and is now using their anaerobic energy systems
  • can also be used to ensure the athlete is training at the correct intensity
33
Q

what is the respiratory exchange ratio

A
  • the ratio of carbon dioxide produced compared to oxygen consumed
  • requires the athlete to be attached to a gas analyser whilst on a treadmill
    = VCO2 / VO2
  • indicates fuel usage during exercise
  • around 0.7 indicates fat is the predominant fuel source (lower intensity)
  • around 1 indicates carbohydrates in the predominant fuel source (higher intensity)
  • over 1 is an indication of anaerobic exercise (even higher intensity)
34
Q

what is indirect calorimetry

A
  • measure of CO2 production and O2 consumption
  • can be used to calculate the respiratory exchange ratio
  • gives an accurate objective measure of VO2 max
  • can be used to monitor progress
35
Q

what is a VO2 max test

A
  • could be in the form of the bleep test or Cooper run in which the performer goes until exhaustion
  • the level reached is then compared to a chart
  • OR gas analysis in a lab could be used to provide more reliable and valid results
  • in which a performer reaches exhaustion whilst their CO2 production and O2 consumption is measured
36
Q

what is altitude training

A
  • training above 2500m above sea level where the partial pressure of oxygen is lower
  • this leads to the body making adaptations to increasing its oxygen-carrying capacity
  • such as increased EPO, increased red blood cells, increased myoglobin, increased capillarization
37
Q

evaluate altitude training

A

+ allows athletes to work at higher intensities for longer
+ delays OBLA
+ quicker recovery/buffering
- benefits are quickly lost when they return to sea level
- hypoxia (altitude sickness)
- initial loss of performance
- psychologically challenging being away from home

38
Q

what is plyometric training

A
  • the use of explosive movements like hopping, jumping, bounding to train the muscles fast twitch fibres
    3 stages: PAM
    1 Pre-loading - an eccentric contraction that stretches the muscle
    2 Amortisation - the time between eccentric and concentric contraction, needs to be short so the stored energy from the eccentric contraction can be used
    3 muscle contraction- concentric contraction is more explosive because the muscle spindle trigger the stretch reflex
39
Q

evaluate the use of plyometric training

A

+ builds power
+ develops anaerobic systems
+ develops fast twitch fibres
+ can replicate sport-specific movements
- it may be difficult to replicate some movements
- high risk of injury

40
Q

what is HIIT

A
  • high-intensity interval training involves periods of high-intensity work followed by short periods of rest
  • the training can be altered to be most suitable by …
    1 changing duration of work
    2 changing duration of rest
    3 changing intensity/speed of work
    4 changing number of work/rest intervals
41
Q

evaluate HIIT training

A

+ trains both aerobic and anaerobic energy systems
+ dynamic and adaptable
+ increases performer’s lactate tolerance
- high intensity increases risk of injury
- not as appropriate for an aerobic endurance athlete

42
Q

what is SAQ training

A
  • speed agility and quickness training aims to improve multi-directional training
  • may involve ladders and zig-zag movements
43
Q

evaluate SAQ

A

+ increases power and agility
+ Improved reaction time
+ Better spatial awareness
+ trains anaerobic energy systems
- not as effective for aerobic endurance athletes

PE Applied Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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