Chapter 11 - Being Credible and Using Evidence

Question 1

source credibility

Answer 1

the audience’s perception of your effectiveness as a speaker

Question 2

competence

Answer 2

the degree to which the speaker is perceived as skilled, reliable, experienced, qualified, authoritative, and informed; an aspect of credibility

Question 3

trustworthiness

Answer 3

the degree to which the speaker is perceived as honest, fair, sincere, honorable, friendly, and kind; an aspect of credibility

Question 4

dynamism

Answer 4

the extent to which the speaker is perceived as bold, active, energetic, strong, emphatic, and assertive; an aspect of credibility.

Question 5

common ground

Answer 5

the degree to which the speaker’s values, beliefs, attitudes, and interests are shared with the audience; an aspect of credibility.

Question 6

sleeper effect

Answer 6

a change of audience opinion caused by he separation of the message content from its source over a period of time.

Question 7

personal experience

Answer 7

your own life as a source of information

Question 8

reference librarian

Answer 8

a librarian specifically trained to help you find sources of information

Question 9

search engine

Answer 9

a program on the internet that allows users to search information

Question 10

heuristics

Answer 10

mental shortcuts used to make decision– for instance, evaluating sources

Question 11

bibliographic references

Answer 11

complete citations that appear in the “references” or “works cited” cited section of your speech outline

Question 12

internal references

Answer 12

brief notations indicating a bibliographic deference that contains the details you are using in your speech

Question 13

verbal citations

Answer 13

oral explanations of who the source is, how recent the information is, and what the source’s qualifications are.

Question 14

supporting material

Answer 14

information you can use to substantiate your arguments and to clarify your position

Question 15

examples

Answer 15

specific instances used to illustrated your point

Question 16

narratives

Answer 16

stories to illustrate an important point

Question 17

surveys

Answer 17

studies in which a limited number of questions are answered by a sample of the population to discover opinions on issues

Question 18

testimonial evidence

Answer 18

written or oral statements of others’ experience used by a speaker to substantiate or clarify a point

Question 19

lay testimony

Answer 19

statements made by an ordinary person that substantiate or support what you say

Question 20

expert testimony

Answer 20

statements made by someone who has special knowledge or expertise about an issue or idea

Question 21

celebrity testimony

Answer 21

statements made by a public figure who is known to the audience

Question 22

statistics

Answer 22

numbers the summarize numerical information or compare quantities

Question 23

analogy

Answer 23

a comparison of things in some respects, especially in position or function, that are otherwise similar

Question 24

explanation

Answer 24

a clarification of what something is or how it works

Question 25

definitions

Answer 25

determinations of meaning through description, simplification, examples, analysis, comparison, explanation, or illustration

Question 26

plagiarism

Answer 26

the intentional use of information from another source without crediting the source

Question 27

incremental plagiarism

Answer 27

the intentional or unintentional use of information from one or more sources without fully divulging how much information is directly quoted

Question 28

two-sided argument

Answer 28

a source advocating one position presents an argument from the opposite viewpoint and then goes on to refute the argument