Chapter 11 Basic concepts of organic chemistry

Question 1

Hydrocarbon

Answer 1

Compound containing carbon and hydrogen only

Question 2

Saturated hydrocarbon

Answer 2

Has single C-C bonds only

Question 3

Unsaturated hydrocarbon

Answer 3

Has carbon-carbon multiple bonds

Question 4

Homologous series

Answer 4

Family of compounds with same functional group and similar chemical properties
* Successive members differ by -CH2
* Trend in physical properties

Question 5

Functional group

Answer 5

The part of the organic molecule that determines its chemical properties

Question 6

Classifying hydrocarbons

Answer 6

• Aliphatic
• Alicyclic
• Aromatic

Question 7

Hydrocarbons: Aliphatic

Answer 7

C atoms are joined to eachother in unbranched (straight) or branched chains or non-aromatic rings

Question 8

Hydrocarbons: Alicyclic

Answer 8

C atoms are joined to eachother in ring (cyclic) structures, with or without branches

Question 9

Hydrocarbons: Aromatic

Answer 9

Some or all the C atoms are found in a benzene ring

Question 10

3 homologous series of aliphatic hydrocarbons

Answer 10

• Alkanes
• Alkenes
• Alkynes

Question 11

Aliphatic hydrocarbons: Alkanes

Answer 11

Contain single C-C bonds

Question 12

Aliphatic hydrocarbons: Alkenes

Answer 12

Contain at least one C=C bond

Question 13

Aliphatic hydrocarbons: Alkynes

Answer 13

Contain at least one triple C-C bond

Question 14

Different types of chemical formulae

Answer 14

• Molecular formula
• Empirical formula
• General formula
• Displayed formula
• Structural formula
• Skeletal formula

Question 15

Molecular formula

Answer 15

Shows the number and type of atoms of each element present in a molecule

Question 16

Empirical formula

Answer 16

Simplest whole number ratio of the atoms of each element present in a compound

Question 17

General formula

Answer 17

Simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series

Question 18

Displayed formula

Answer 18

Shows the relative positioning of all of the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them

Question 19

Structural formula

Answer 19

Uses the smallest amount of detail necessary to show the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule

Question 20

Skeletal formula

Answer 20

• Simplified organic formula: shows only carbon skeleton and any functional groups
• Remove all C and H labels
• Remove any bonds to H atoms

Question 21

Representations in skeletal formula

Answer 21

• A line represents a single bond
• An intersection of 2 lines represents a C atom
• The end of a line represents a -CH3 group

Question 22

Structural isomers

Answer 22

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

Question 23

Isomers with the same functional group

Answer 23

Functional group can be at different positions along the C chain

Question 24

Isomers with different functional groups

Answer 24

Have same molecular formula

Question 25

Types of bond fission

Answer 25

* Homolytic fission * Heterolytic fission

Question 26

Bond fission

Answer 26

Way in which covalent bonds are broken

Question 27

Homolytic fission

Answer 27

* Each of the bonded atoms takes 1 of the shared pair of electrons from the bond * Each atom now has a single unpaired electron (become radicals)

Question 28

Radical

Answer 28

An atom or groups of atoms with an unpaired electron

Question 29

Heterolytic fission

Answer 29

* One of the bonded atoms takes both of the electrons from the bond * The atom that takes both electrons becomes a negative ion The atom that does not take the electrons becomes a positive ion

Question 30

Reaction mechanism

Answer 30

Shows how the reaction takes place

Question 31

Curly arrows

Answer 31

Used to show the movement of electron pairs when bonds are being broken or made

Question 32

Types of reaction

Answer 32

* Addition * Substitution * Elimination

Question 33

Types of reaction: Addition

Answer 33

2 reactants join together to form 1 product

Question 34

Types of reaction: Substitution

Answer 34

An atom or group of atoms is replaced by a different atom or group of atoms

Question 35

Types of reaction: Elimination

Answer 35

* The removal of a small molecule from a larger molecule * One reactant forms 2 products

Question 36

Alkyl group

Answer 36

1 hydrogen removed from an alkane