Chapter 11 Basic concepts of organic chemistry Flashcards
Hydrocarbon
Compound containing carbon and hydrogen only
Saturated hydrocarbon
Has single C-C bonds only
Unsaturated hydrocarbon
Has carbon-carbon multiple bonds
Homologous series
Family of compounds with same functional group and similar chemical properties
* Successive members differ by -CH2
* Trend in physical properties
Functional group
The part of the organic molecule that determines its chemical properties
Classifying hydrocarbons
- Aliphatic
- Alicyclic
- Aromatic
Hydrocarbons: Aliphatic
C atoms are joined to eachother in unbranched (straight) or branched chains or non-aromatic rings
Hydrocarbons: Alicyclic
C atoms are joined to eachother in ring (cyclic) structures, with or without branches
Hydrocarbons: Aromatic
Some or all the C atoms are found in a benzene ring
3 homologous series of aliphatic hydrocarbons
- Alkanes
- Alkenes
- Alkynes
Aliphatic hydrocarbons: Alkanes
Contain single C-C bonds
Aliphatic hydrocarbons: Alkenes
Contain at least one C=C bond
Aliphatic hydrocarbons: Alkynes
Contain at least one triple C-C bond
Different types of chemical formulae
- Molecular formula
- Empirical formula
- General formula
- Displayed formula
- Structural formula
- Skeletal formula
Molecular formula
Shows the number and type of atoms of each element present in a molecule
Empirical formula
Simplest whole number ratio of the atoms of each element present in a compound
General formula
Simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series
Displayed formula
Shows the relative positioning of all of the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them
Structural formula
Uses the smallest amount of detail necessary to show the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule
Skeletal formula
- Simplified organic formula: shows only carbon skeleton and any functional groups
- Remove all C and H labels
- Remove any bonds to H atoms
Representations in skeletal formula
- A line represents a single bond
- An intersection of 2 lines represents a C atom
- The end of a line represents a -CH3 group
Structural isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
Isomers with the same functional group
Functional group can be at different positions along the C chain
Isomers with different functional groups
Have same molecular formula
Types of bond fission
- Homolytic fission
- Heterolytic fission
Bond fission
Way in which covalent bonds are broken
Homolytic fission
- Each of the bonded atoms takes 1 of the shared pair of electrons from the bond
- Each atom now has a single unpaired electron (become radicals)
Radical
An atom or groups of atoms with an unpaired electron
Heterolytic fission
- One of the bonded atoms takes both of the electrons from the bond
- The atom that takes both electrons becomes a negative ion
The atom that does not take the electrons becomes a positive ion
Reaction mechanism
Shows how the reaction takes place
Curly arrows
Used to show the movement of electron pairs when bonds are being broken or made
Types of reaction
- Addition
- Substitution
- Elimination
Types of reaction: Addition
2 reactants join together to form 1 product
Types of reaction: Substitution
An atom or group of atoms is replaced by a different atom or group of atoms
Types of reaction: Elimination
- The removal of a small molecule from a larger molecule
- One reactant forms 2 products
Alkyl group
1 hydrogen removed from an alkane
