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A-Level Chemistry > Chapter 11 Basic concepts of organic chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Basic concepts of organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

Compound containing carbon and hydrogen only

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2
Q

Saturated hydrocarbon

A

Has single C-C bonds only

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3
Q

Unsaturated hydrocarbon

A

Has carbon-carbon multiple bonds

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4
Q

Homologous series

A

Family of compounds with same functional group and similar chemical properties
* Successive members differ by -CH2
* Trend in physical properties

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5
Q

Functional group

A

The part of the organic molecule that determines its chemical properties

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6
Q

Classifying hydrocarbons

A
  • Aliphatic
  • Alicyclic
  • Aromatic
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7
Q

Hydrocarbons: Aliphatic

A

C atoms are joined to eachother in unbranched (straight) or branched chains or non-aromatic rings

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8
Q

Hydrocarbons: Alicyclic

A

C atoms are joined to eachother in ring (cyclic) structures, with or without branches

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9
Q

Hydrocarbons: Aromatic

A

Some or all the C atoms are found in a benzene ring

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10
Q

3 homologous series of aliphatic hydrocarbons

A
  • Alkanes
  • Alkenes
  • Alkynes
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11
Q

Aliphatic hydrocarbons: Alkanes

A

Contain single C-C bonds

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12
Q

Aliphatic hydrocarbons: Alkenes

A

Contain at least one C=C bond

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13
Q

Aliphatic hydrocarbons: Alkynes

A

Contain at least one triple C-C bond

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14
Q

Different types of chemical formulae

A
  • Molecular formula
  • Empirical formula
  • General formula
  • Displayed formula
  • Structural formula
  • Skeletal formula
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15
Q

Molecular formula

A

Shows the number and type of atoms of each element present in a molecule

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16
Q

Empirical formula

A

Simplest whole number ratio of the atoms of each element present in a compound

17
Q

General formula

A

Simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series

18
Q

Displayed formula

A

Shows the relative positioning of all of the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them

19
Q

Structural formula

A

Uses the smallest amount of detail necessary to show the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule

20
Q

Skeletal formula

A
  • Simplified organic formula: shows only carbon skeleton and any functional groups
  • Remove all C and H labels
  • Remove any bonds to H atoms
21
Q

Representations in skeletal formula

A
  • A line represents a single bond
  • An intersection of 2 lines represents a C atom
  • The end of a line represents a -CH3 group
22
Q

Structural isomers

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

23
Q

Isomers with the same functional group

A

Functional group can be at different positions along the C chain

24
Q

Isomers with different functional groups

A

Have same molecular formula

25
Q

Types of bond fission

A
  • Homolytic fission
  • Heterolytic fission
26
Q

Bond fission

A

Way in which covalent bonds are broken

27
Q

Homolytic fission

A
  • Each of the bonded atoms takes 1 of the shared pair of electrons from the bond
  • Each atom now has a single unpaired electron (become radicals)
28
Q

Radical

A

An atom or groups of atoms with an unpaired electron

29
Q

Heterolytic fission

A
  • One of the bonded atoms takes both of the electrons from the bond
  • The atom that takes both electrons becomes a negative ion
    The atom that does not take the electrons becomes a positive ion
30
Q

Reaction mechanism

A

Shows how the reaction takes place

31
Q

Curly arrows

A

Used to show the movement of electron pairs when bonds are being broken or made

32
Q

Types of reaction

A
  • Addition
  • Substitution
  • Elimination
33
Q

Types of reaction: Addition

A

2 reactants join together to form 1 product

34
Q

Types of reaction: Substitution

A

An atom or group of atoms is replaced by a different atom or group of atoms

35
Q

Types of reaction: Elimination

A
  • The removal of a small molecule from a larger molecule
  • One reactant forms 2 products
36
Q

Alkyl group

A

1 hydrogen removed from an alkane

A-Level Chemistry (20 decks)

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