Chapter 11 and readings Flashcards
The simplest reason for sampling is____.
It may not be feasible or physically possible to collect dtat from everyone involved in an evaluation because of time or financial constraints
_______ sample definitions use other constructs to describe who will be in the study.
Conceptual
______sample definitions describle exactly how the evaluator will determine who will be in the study.
Operational
________ is the group to whom you wish to generalize your results
Target population
______ list of people who match the conceptual definitation
experimentally accessible population
________ is the list of people in the experimentally accessible population
Sampling frame
_____match between accesible population and target population
Population validity
A voluntary consent without threat or undue inducement; it includes knowing what a reasonable person would want to know
Informed consent
_______ cannot sign a consent form without a legal guardian.
Children, under the age of 18
Older people with mental decline
What are ways that evaluators can determine informed consent for individuals with mental illness based upon APA?
Ask the person to give an advanced directive when symptoms do not impair his or her ability to do so, asking family members, advocates, or surrogates to safeguard the person’s interests.
Ensure treatments are not worsening the condition.
Informed consent in ________ contexts can be affected by a myriad of cultural and power-related issues.
Indigenous
The __________ identifies the ethical princple of respect is interpreted in ensuring the confidentiality of the participants.
Belmont Report
_______ means collecting, analyzing, storing, and reporting data in such a way that data cannot be traced back to the individual who provides them.
Confidentiality
______means that no uniquely identifiable information is attached to the data; no one, not even the evaluator, can trace the data to the individual.
Anonymity
Use of ______ and _____ as explanatory variables should be critically examined to determine whether they are standing as proxies for other causal variables such as poverty, unemployement, or family structure.
Race and ethnicity
The APA has established guidelines for working in 4 racial ethinic communities:____
Persons of African descent
Hispanics
Asian American/Pacific Islander populations
American Indians
The Disabilities Education IMprovement Act of 2004 defines 13 categories of diabilities
Learning disability speech or language impairment intellectual disbility emotional disturbance multiple disabilities hearing impairment deafness orthopedic impairment other health impairment visual impairment autism deaf-blind TBI
What are the 7 areas that learning disability can be manifested?
imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or do mathematical calculations
The US DEPT OF EDUC suggests that learning disabilities be identified through a process known as “response to intervention” rather than relying on______.
a single test or a battery of tests
Explain how each branch views appropriate strategies for sampling:
Methods-probability-based approaches
Use-those who can provide the most useful information
values-use theoretical or pruposeful sampling strategies
Social Justice-use a combination of strategies
________________involves the selection of a sample from a population in a way that allows for an estimation of the amount of possible bias and sampling error.
Probability-based sampling
_________ is the difference between the sample and the population.
Sampling error
_______ are those which every member of a population has a known nonzero probability of being included in the sample
Random samples
What are some types of probability based sampling strategies?
Random digit dialing simple random sampling systematic sampling multistage sampling cluster sampling stratified sampling
What kind of sampling strategy begins with a random start, includes that element, and then includes every nth name off a list? A. Interval sampling B. Systematic sampling C. Random digit sampling D. Multistage sampling
b
What is the definition of a sampling frame in your textbook (Mertens and Wilson)?
A. The target population of your study
B. List of all the people in the experimentally accessible population.
C. The people you plan to observe
D. None of the above
B
What is the simplest rationale for sampling?
A. It is unwise to collect data from everyone involved in the evaluation.
B. You must include both males and females in all samples
C. The methodology requires that you sample the entire population when collecting data.
D. It is not feasible to collect data from everyone involved in the evaluation.
D
Which major sampling option is more commonly used in the Values Branch? A. Probability-based sampling B. Multistage sampling C. Theoretical/Purposeful sampling D. Simple Random Sampling
C
According to your text, the “myth of homogeneity” means assuming that all people within a particular subgroup are similar to each other in terms of their other background characteristics, or at least sufficiently similar that you do not have to focus on those differences.
A. True
B. False
True
Which sampling strategy uses cases that can make a point dramatically or are important for other reasons? A. Stratified random sampling B. Critical case sampling C. Homogeneous sampling D. Politically important case sampling
B
What kinds of challenges could you face when trying to get informed consent from your participants?
A. issues related to literacy of participants
B. issues related to mental acuity of participants
C. issues related to the age of participants
D. All of the above
D
What is the definition of anonymity in relation to sampling?
A. No one, not even the evaluator can trace the data to a particular individual.
B. The evaluator knows the identity of each participant but does not share this information.
C. Collecting, analyzing, and storing data randomly.
D. Collecting data from your sample participants covertly.
A
According to your text, what is sampling error?
A. The difference between the sample and the population.
B. The difference between two independent samples.
C. The difference between two dependent samples
D. Systematic measurement problems that occurred during data collection.
A
What is the opposite of deviant case or extreme sampling? A. Typical case sampling B. Homogeneous sampling C. Critical case sampling D. Snowball sampling
A
______________ grew out of the constructivist paradigm because in qualitative research, samples are selected that have the potential for yielding infomration-rich cases that can be studied in depth.
Purposeful or theoretical sampling
What is Thick description?
The evaluator provides enough of a description for readers to understand in that they can apply it to their own cases.
Selection of easily obtainable participants for sample group, cheapest, available at the site
Convenience sampling
Choose unusual or specific individuals
Extreme or deviant sampling
Instances where the pheonmenon of interest is strongly represented
Intensity sampling
choose individuals that represent max. variation of the phenonmenon
Max. Variation sampling
individuals who share relevant characteristics and experiences
Homogeneous sampling
In most cases use homogenous groups (e.g. if service providers and participants are included in the same focus group, this might yield biased results)
Focus group sampling
Opposite of extreme or deviant, identify the average person
Typcial case sampling
Strategy combines the identification of strata of relevant subgroups with purposeful selection from those subgroups
Stratified purposeful sampling
Use cases that can make a point dramatically or are important for other reasons; per patton, “if its true in this case its likely to be true in all.”
Critical Case sampling
What are 3 stratgies of case study sampling?
Instrisic case study
Instrumental case study
Collective or multiple case studies
_________ looking for strength and direction or relationship for multiple independent variables
Multiple regression
Snowball or Chain Sampling
start with key informants who are then asked to recommend others you should talk with
Criterion sampling
setup criteria to specify what characteristics people in the study need to have
theory based sampling
describe the meaning of that construct, and then identify individuals who theoretically exemplify that construct
confirming and disconfirming case sampling
look for cases that both confirm and disconfirm emerging hypotheses
opportunistic sampling
selection of individuals emerges as the study progresses
randomly choosing individuals from a purposefully defined group
purposeful random sampling
Determine whether there is a political reason for including particular areas and individuals for the credibility and perceived usefulness of the study
politically important case sampling
dividing the data into meaningful analytical units
segmenting
process of marking segements of data (usually text) with symbols, descriptive words, or category names
Coding
Intercoder reliability and Intracoder reliability
Inter-consistency among different coder
Intra-consistency within a single individual
Inductive and Priori Codes
Inductive-Codes generated by a researcher who is directly examining data
Priori-codes developed before examing current data
Dividing data into meaningful analytical units
Segmenting
*Go line by line and ask yourself is there anything that is important to my research
Process of marking segments of data (usually text data) with symbols, descriptive words or category names
Coding
The cyclical process of collecting and analyzing data during a single research study
Interim analysis
Photo interviewing analysis
analysis is done by the participant, who examines and analyzes a set of visual images
Semiotic visual analysis
the identification and interpretation of symbolic meaning of visual data
Semniotics
The study of signs and what they stand for in human culture
Visual content analysis
the Identification and counting of events, characteristics, or other phenomena in visual data
The process of determining how frequently words or coded categories are utilized (quantifying)
Enumeration
Quantitative versus qualitative relationshp
Quan-focus efforts on examining relationships b/w variables
qual-to connections or relationships between things, including but not limited to variables
Spradley's Universal Semantic Relationships: Strict Inclusion Spatial Cause-Effect Rationale Location for Action Function MEans-end Sequence Attribution
X is a kind of Y X is a place in Y; X is a part of Y X is a result of Y; X is a cuase of Y X is a reason for doing Y X is a place for doing Y X is used for Y X is a way do Y X is a step (stage) in Y X is an attribute (characteristic) of Y
Typology
Classification system that beraks something down into its different types or kinds
Taxonomy- the same in science
Mutually exclusive categories
clearly separate or distinct
Exhaustive categories
a set of categories that classify all of the relevant cases in your data
The cyclical process of collecting and analyzing data during a single research study
Interim Analysis
The identification and interpretation of symbolic meaning of visual data
Semiotic visual analysis
The use of both quantitative and qualitative analytical procedures in a research study
Mixed data analysis
What 2 considerations are in the mixed analysis matrix?
- you should determine the number of data types that you intend to analyze
- you should determine how many data analysis types you intend to use
