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Biochemistry > Chapter 11 Alkanes > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Alkanes Flashcards

1
Q

Alkanes are [____] hydrocarbons; that is, they contain only carbon–carbon single bonds.

A

saturated hydrocarbons

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2
Q

A hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon–carbon double bonds, triple bonds, or benzene rings is classified as [____].

A

an unsaturated hydrocarbon

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3
Q

We often refer to alkanes as [____] because the physical properties of the higher members of this class resemble those of the long carbon-chain molecules we find in animal fats and plant oils

A

aliphatic hydrocarbons

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4
Q
A
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5
Q

Identify the class

A

arenes

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6
Q

Identify the class

A

alkynes

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7
Q

Give angle.

A

109.5o

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8
Q

What kind of formula is this?

A

Line Angle formula

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9
Q

What kind of isomers are these?

A

Constitutional isomers

also called

structural isomers

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10
Q

with constitutional isomers.

What formula is the same?

What formula is different?

A

Same molecular formula.

Different structural formula.

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11
Q

Give name:

A

isopropyl

(give shape)

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12
Q

isopropyl

(give shape)

A

Give name:

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13
Q

(give name)

A

isobutyl

(give structural formula)

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14
Q

(give name)

A

sec-butyl

(give structural formula)

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15
Q

Give name

A

tert-butyl

(give structural formula)

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16
Q

Give name:

A

cis-1,2-dimethylcyclopentane

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17
Q

give name:

A

trans-1,2-dimethylcyclopentane

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18
Q

Which has the higher boiling point?

A
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19
Q

Identify the higher boiling point.

A
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20
Q
A
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21
Q
A
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22
Q
A
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23
Q

Identify the type of fatty acid.

A

saturated fatty acid

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24
Q

Identify the type of fatty acid.

A

monounsaturated fatty acid

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25
Q

Identify the type of fatty acid.

A

polyunsaturated fatty acid

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26
Q

Give name.

A

cis-2-butene

(give structural formula)

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27
Q

give name

A

trans-2-butene

(give structural formula)

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28
Q

Give name

A

trans-3-Hexene

(give structural formula)

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29
Q

give name

A

cis-3,4-dimethyl-2-pentene

(give structural formula)

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30
Q

cis-2-butene

(give structural formula)

A

Give name.

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31
Q

trans-2-butene

(give structural formula)

A

give name

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32
Q

trans-3-Hexene

(give structural formula)

A

Give name

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33
Q

cis-3,4-dimethyl-2-pentene

(give structural formula)

A

give name

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34
Q

give name

A

1,4-pentadiene

(give structural formula)

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35
Q

give name

A

2-methyl-1,3-butadiene

(give line angle diagram)

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36
Q

give formula

A

1,3-cyclopentadiene

(give line angle diagram)

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37
Q

1,4-pentadiene

(give structural formula)

A

give name

38
Q

2-methyl-1,3-butadiene

(give line angle diagram)

A

give name

39
Q

1,3-cyclopentadiene

(give line angle diagram)

A

give formula

40
Q
A
41
Q
A
42
Q
A

24=16 stereoisomers possible for this structural formula

43
Q
A
44
Q
A
45
Q
A
46
Q
A
47
Q
A
48
Q
A
49
Q
A
50
Q

Functional Groups substituent: -OH substituent name: hydroxyl functional group name: {{ ______ }}

A

Functional Groups substituent: -OH substituent name: hydroxyl functional group name: [[alcohols]]

51
Q

Functional Groups substituent: -OH substituent name: {{ ______ }} functional group name: alcohols

A

Functional Groups substituent: -OH substituent name: [[hydroxyl]] functional group name: alcohols

52
Q

Functional Groups substituent: {{ ______ }} substituent name: hydroxyl functional group name: alcohols

A

Functional Groups substituent: [[-OH]] substituent name: hydroxyl functional group name: alcohols

53
Q

{{ ______ }} consists of approximately 90 to 95% methane, 5 to 10% ethane, and a mixture of other relatively low-boiling alkanes—chiefly propane, butane, and 2-methylpropane.

A

[[Natural gas]] consists of approximately 90 to 95% methane, 5 to 10% ethane, and a mixture of other relatively low-boiling alkanes—chiefly propane, butane, and 2-methylpropane.

54
Q

{{ ______ }} is a thick, viscous liquid mixture of thousands of compounds, most of them hydrocarbons, formed from the decomposition of marine plants and animals.

A

[[Petroleum]] is a thick, viscous liquid mixture of thousands of compounds, most of them hydrocarbons, formed from the decomposition of marine plants and animals.

55
Q

Even a molecule as simple as ethane has an infinite number of possible three-dimensional shapes, or {{ ______ }}.

A

Even a molecule as simple as ethane has an infinite number of possible three-dimensional shapes, or [[conformations]].

56
Q

{{ ______ }} are isomers that have the same connectivity of their atoms but a different arrangement of their atoms in space due to the presence of either a ring or a carbon–carbon double bond

A

[[Cis-trans isomers]] are isomers that have the same connectivity of their atoms but a different arrangement of their atoms in space due to the presence of either a ring or a carbon–carbon double bond

57
Q

{{ ______ }} are Isomers that have the same connectivity of their atoms but a different orientation of their atoms in space

A

[[Stereoisomers]] are Isomers that have the same connectivity of their atoms but a different orientation of their atoms in space

58
Q

The lowest-energy conformation of cyclopentane is {{ ______ }}.

A

The lowest-energy conformation of cyclopentane is [[an envelope conformation]].

59
Q

A {{ ______ }} is a tetrahedral atom, most commonly carbon, at which exchange of two groups produces a stereoisomer

A

A [[Stereocenter]] is a tetrahedral atom, most commonly carbon, at which exchange of two groups produces a stereoisomer

60
Q

The lowest-energy conformation of cyclohexane is {{ ______ }}.

A

The lowest-energy conformation of cyclohexane is [[a chair conformation]].

61
Q

The lowest-energy conformation of {{ ______ }} is an envelope conformation.

A

The lowest-energy conformation of [[cyclopentane]] is an envelope conformation.

62
Q

The lowest-energy conformation of {{ ______ }} is a chair conformation.

A

The lowest-energy conformation of [[cyclohexane]] is a chair conformation.

63
Q

Fatty acids consist of a carboxylic acid group on one end and {{ ______ }} on the other.

A

Fatty acids consist of a carboxylic acid group on one end and [[a fatty chain]] on the other.

64
Q

Alkanes and cycloalkanes also react with chlorine, Cl2, and bromine, Br2, by {{ ______ }}, in which an atom of chlorine or bromine is substituted for a hydrogen of the alkane or cycloalkane.

A

Alkanes and cycloalkanes also react with chlorine, Cl2, and bromine, Br2, by [[substitution]], in which an atom of chlorine or bromine is substituted for a hydrogen of the alkane or cycloalkane.

65
Q

Fatty acids consist of {{ ______ }}on one end and a fatty chain on the other.

A

Fatty acids consist of [[a carboxylic acid group]]on one end and a fatty chain on the other.

66
Q

Alkanes and cycloalkanes also react with chlorine, Cl2, and bromine, Br2, by substitution, in which an atom of chlorine or bromine is substituted for a hydrogen of the alkane or cycloalkane. The products of this type of substitution reaction are {{ ______ }} and {{ ______ }}.

A

Alkanes and cycloalkanes also react with chlorine, Cl2, and bromine, Br2, by substitution, in which an atom of chlorine or bromine is substituted for a hydrogen of the alkane or cycloalkane. The products of this type of substitution reaction are [[haloalkanes]] and [[halocycloalkanes]].

67
Q

{{ ______ }} consist of a carboxylic acid group on one end and a fatty chain on the other.

A

[[Fatty acids]] consist of a carboxylic acid group on one end and a fatty chain on the other.

68
Q

Fatty acids that have no carbon–carbon double bond in their hydrocarbon chain are called {{ ______ }} fatty acids.

A

Fatty acids that have no carbon–carbon double bond in their hydrocarbon chain are called [[saturated]] fatty acids.

69
Q

Fatty acids with a single carbon–carbon double bond are called {{ ______ }} fatty acids.

A

Fatty acids with a single carbon–carbon double bond are called [[monounsaturated]] fatty acids.

70
Q

Markovnikov’s rule: {{ ______ }}

A

Markovnikov’s rule: [[In the addition of HX (where X = halogen) to an alkene, hydrogen adds to the doubly bonded carbon that already has the greater number of hydrogens bonded to it; halogen adds to the other carbon.]]

71
Q

Fatty acids with two or more carbon–carbon double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain are called {{ ______ }} fatty acids.

A

Fatty acids with two or more carbon–carbon double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain are called [[polyunsaturated]] fatty acids.

72
Q

{{ ______ }}’s rule: In the addition of HX (where X = halogen) to an alkene, hydrogen adds to the doubly bonded carbon that already has the greater number of hydrogens bonded to it; halogen adds to the other carbon.

A

[[Markovnikov]]’s rule: In the addition of HX (where X = halogen) to an alkene, hydrogen adds to the doubly bonded carbon that already has the greater number of hydrogens bonded to it; halogen adds to the other carbon.

73
Q

Markovnikov’s rule is often paraphrased as “{{ ______ }}”

A

Markovnikov’s rule is often paraphrased as “[[the rich get richer.]]”

74
Q

{{ ______ }} reaction is a reaction in which one direction of bond forming or bond breaking occurs in preference to all other directions

A

[[Regioselective]] reaction is a reaction in which one direction of bond forming or bond breaking occurs in preference to all other directions

75
Q

{{ ______ }}’s rule is often paraphrased as “the rich get richer.”

A

[[Markovnikov]]’s rule is often paraphrased as “the rich get richer.”

76
Q

A {{ ______ }} mechanism is a step-by-step description of how a chemical reac- tion occurs

A

A [[Reaction]] mechanism is a step-by-step description of how a chemical reac- tion occurs

77
Q

{{ ______ }} is a species containing a carbon atom with only three bonds to it and bearing a positive charge

A

[[Carbocation]] is a species containing a carbon atom with only three bonds to it and bearing a positive charge

78
Q

an acid–base reaction is a {{ ______ }}-transfer reaction

A

an acid–base reaction is a [[proton]]-transfer reaction

79
Q

An acid is a proton {{ acceptor / donor }} and a base is a proton {{ acceptor / donor }}

A

An acid is a proton [[donor]] and a base is a proton [[acceptor]]

80
Q

an {{ ______ }} reaction is a proton-transfer reaction

A

an [[acid–base]] reaction is a proton-transfer reaction

81
Q

{{ ______ }} ion is An ion in which oxygen is bonded to three other atoms and bears a positive charge

A

[[Oxonium]] ion is An ion in which oxygen is bonded to three other atoms and bears a positive charge

82
Q

the conversion of an alkene to an alkane is also called what (due to its requirement)? catalytic reduction or catalytic hydrogenation{{ ELEMENT NAME }} normally forms four covalent bonds and has no unshared pairs of electrons.

A

the conversion of an alkene to an alkane is also called what (due to its requirement)? catalytic reduction or catalytic hydrogenation[[Carbon]] normally forms four covalent bonds and has no unshared pairs of electrons.

83
Q

the conversion of an alkene to an alkane requires what? {{ ______ }}

A

the conversion of an alkene to an alkane requires what? [[a catalyst]]

84
Q

the conversion of an alkene to an alkane is also called what (due to its requirement)? {{ ______ }}Carbon normally forms four covalent bonds and has no unshared pairs of electrons.

A

the conversion of an alkene to an alkane is also called what (due to its requirement)? [[catalytic reduction or catalytic hydrogenation]]Carbon normally forms four covalent bonds and has no unshared pairs of electrons.

85
Q

{{ ELEMENT NAME }} normally forms three covalent bonds and has one unshared pair of electrons.

A

[[Nitrogen]] normally forms three covalent bonds and has one unshared pair of electrons.

86
Q

{{ ELEMENT NAME }} normally forms two covalent bonds and has two unshared pairs of electrons.

A

[[Oxygen]] normally forms two covalent bonds and has two unshared pairs of electrons.

87
Q

{{ ELEMENT NAME }} forms one covalent bond and has no unshared pairs of electrons.

A

[[Hydrogen]] forms one covalent bond and has no unshared pairs of electrons.

88
Q

The halogens are {{ ______ }}, {{ ______ }}, {{ ______ }}, and {{ ______ }}.

A

The halogens are [[fluorine]], [[chlorine]], [[bromine]], and [[iodine]].

89
Q

{{ ELEMENT NAME }} normally forms one covalent bond and has three unshared pairs of electrons.

A

[[A halogen]] normally forms one covalent bond and has three unshared pairs of electrons.

90
Q

The {{ ______ }} are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

A

The [[halogens]] are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

Biochemistry (5 decks)

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