Chapter 11 Agriculture Vocab Flashcards
Any plant gathered from the field is a harvest during a particular season
Crop
The deliberate effort to modify a portion of earths surface to the cultivation of crops in the raising of livestock for sustenance gain
Agriculture
The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering
Agricultural revolution
Plants become adapted to humans in their environment
Plant domestication
Animals become adapted to humans and their environment
Animal domestication
Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm
Commercial agriculture
Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmers family
Subsistence agriculture
A grass that yield screen for food
Cereal
The amount of food that in individual consumes, measured in kilocalories
Dietary energy consumption
Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life
Food security
A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals
Pastoral nomadism
The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures
Transhumance
Grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals, as well as land use for grazing
Pasture
Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris
Slash and burn agriculture
A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left follow for a relatively long period
Shifting cultivation
A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning
Swidden
A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land
Intensive subsistence agriculture
Rice planted on dryland in a nursery and then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth
Wet rice
A flooded field for growing rice
Sawah (paddy)
Harvesting twice a year from the same field
Double cropping
The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil
Crop rotation
A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country
Plantation
Commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations
Agribusiness
Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a middle English word meaning bartering or exchange of commodities
Truck farming
The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied
Milkshed
Higher units of labor per square land area
Intensive agriculture
Small inputs of labor per square land area
Extensive agriculture
We planted in the autumn and harvested in the early summer
Winter wheat
We planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer
Spring wheat
A machine that cuts cereal grain standing in a field
Reaper
A machine that reaps,threshes, and cleans grain while moving over a field
Combine
The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers
Horticulture
A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area
Ranching
Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions such as extensive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. Also known as semiarid land degradation
Desertification
The most productive farmland
Prime agricultural land
The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions
Aquaculture (aquacarming)
Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technologies, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers
Green Revolution
Farming methods that preserve long term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil restoring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of fertilizer and pesticides
Sustainable agriculture
