Chapter 11:Activating Effects Of Hormones

Question 1

How fast can hormone surge influence behavior?

Answer 1

Within 15 minutes

Question 2

Activating effects are clearly apparent in most animals but there is debate on :

Answer 2

Humans

Question 3

Examples of activating effects in humans:

Answer 3

Testosterone is associated with relationship status in women and men( more testosterone less pair bonding)

Men: testosterone levels manipulated to control sexual violence

Women: more hormone dynamics than in men, and more evidence of activating effects

Peri ovulatiry phase of menstrual cycle associated with more sexual behavior& change in mate selection pr Terence’s towards more masculine men

Question 4

Estrogen

Answer 4

Stimulates growth of dendritic spines in hippocampus neurons

Increases active polymerization(growth of actin chains)

Question 5

Actin

Answer 5

Makes up the cytoskeleton and “pushes out” dendritic membrane to form new spines—-as a result—- estrogen induced synaptic plasticity

Question 6

estrogen induced synaptic plasticity

Answer 6

The same amount of presynaptic input causes a larger post synaptic response

Question 7

Oxytocin

Answer 7

Peptide hormone(nonapeptide = chain of 9 amino acids)

Produced by hypothalamus and known for activating effects

Question 8

How oxytocin works:

Answer 8

Every social encounter involves risk. So oxytocin activat s GABA(inhibitory) neurons that project to the central nucleus of the amygdala.—Amygdala activation can trigger HPA stress response(sympathetic autosomal arousal- fight or flight). GABA inhibits, decreasing the amount of HPA, making us more trusting

Question 9

Biological theories of sexual orientation:

Answer 9

Comparative neuroanatomy studies have shown that same sex orientation is linked to differences in brain structure, especially In Sexually dimorphic brain areas such as hypothalamus

Same sex orientation is moderately heritable, indicating genetic effects

Organizing effects of hormones in utero likely contribute to orientation(androgen insensitivity syndrome)

There is no widely support d theory that same sex orientation is an evolutionary adaption

Question 10

Why are there temporary behavioral and emotional changes?

Answer 10

There are fluctuations In ones hormone levels throughout life