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Chemistry A-level > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of general formula?

A

General formula is the simplest algebraic formula for any homologous series.

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2
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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3
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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4
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols?

A

CnH2n+1OH

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5
Q

What is the general formula for carboxylic acids?

A

CnH2nO2

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6
Q

What is the general formula for ketones?

A

CnH2nO

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7
Q

What is the definition of the structural formula?

A

Structural formula shows the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

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8
Q

An example of structural formula for butane is….

A

CH3CH2CH2CH3

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9
Q

What is the definition of the displayed formula?

A

Displayed formula shows all the covalent bonds present in a molecule.

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10
Q

What is the shape around the carbon atom in a saturated hydrocarbon.

A

It is a tetrahedral shape and the bond angle is 109.5 as there are four pairs of electrons around the central atom where the minimum repulsion is achieved.

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11
Q

What is the definition of the skeletal formula?

A

Skeletal formula shows the simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups.

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12
Q

What is the definition of the homologous series?

A

Homologous series are families of organic compounds with the same functional and the same functional group.

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13
Q

What do homologous series show?

A
  • they show a gradual change in physical properties (e.g. boiling point)
  • each member differs by CH2 from the last
  • same chemical properties
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14
Q

What is the definition of functional groups?

A

Functional groups is an atom or group of atoms which when present in different molecules causes them to have similar chemical properties.

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15
Q

Give examples of functional groups?

A

alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, haloalkanes, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters

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16
Q

What is the definition of alkyl groups?

A

An alkyl group has a hydrogen atom removed from an alkane parent chain.

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17
Q

An example of an alkyl group is?

A

-ethyl- C2H5

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18
Q

What is the general formula of an alkyl group?

A

CnH2n+1

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19
Q

What is the definition of an aliphatic compound?

A

Aliphatic is an compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in a straight chain, branched chains or non-aromatic rings.

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20
Q

What is the definition of an alicyclic compound?

A

Alicyclic compound is a compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains.

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21
Q

What is the definition of an aromatic compound?

A

Aromatic is a compound containing a benzene ring.

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22
Q

What is the definition of a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

A saturated hydrocarbon has single carbon-carbon bonds only.

23
Q

What is the definition of an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

An unsaturated hydrocarbon is the presence of multiple carbon-carbon.

24
Q

What is the definition of a hydrocarbon?

A

A hydrocarbon is a compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon atoms only.

25
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

A structural isomer has the same molecular formula but different structures.

26
Q

What are the 3 types of structural isomers?

A
  • chain isomers
  • position isomers
  • functional group isomers
27
Q

What are chain isomers?

A

Chain isomers are compounds with the the same molecular formula but different structures of the carbon skeleton.

28
Q

What are position isomers?

A

Position isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures due to different positions of the same functional group on the same carbon skeleton.

29
Q

What are functional group isomers?

A

Functional group isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but with atoms arranged to give different functional groups.

30
Q

What are the no. of carbon atoms and the roots?

A 
1-meth
2-eth
3-prop
4-but
5-pent
6-hex
7-hept
8-oct
9-non
10-dec
31
Q

How to name a compound?

A
  1. Find the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms to determine the root.
  2. Number the main chain to identify the position of any side-chains. Ensure that this leads to any side-chains being given the lowest possible number.
  3. Any side sides are added as prefixes at the beginning of the name, placed in alphabetical order.
  4. If there is more than one identical side-chain, use di, tri or tetra before its name. Rings are given the prefix ‘cyclo’.
32
Q

What is homolytic fission?

A

It is when each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair, forming two radicals.

33
Q

What is a free radical?

A

A free radical is a reactive species with an unpaired electron

34
Q

What is heterolytic fission?

A

It is when one bonding atom receives both electrons from the bonded pair, forming ions.

35
Q

What does a double-headed curly arrow show?

A

A double-headed curly arrow shows the movement or a pair of electrons when a bond is made or broken or made.

36
Q

What is molecular formula?

A

The formula shows the actual number of each type of atom.

37
Q

What is empirical formula?

A

Empirical formula shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the compound.

38
Q

What is the functional group of alkene?

A

C=C

39
Q

What is the functional group of alkane?

A

C-C

40
Q

What is the functional group of an alcohol?

A

-OH

41
Q

What is the functional group of an haloalkane?

A

-cl, -br, -i

42
Q

What is the functional group of aldehydes?

A

-CHO

43
Q

What is the functional group of ketones?

A

-C(CO)C

44
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

A

-COOH

45
Q

How to name alkanes?

A

Use the suffix -ene

46
Q

How to name alkanes?

A

Use the suffix -ane

47
Q

How to name alcohols?

A

Use the suffix -ol or the prefix hydroxyl-

48
Q

How to name aldehydes?

A

Use the suffix -al

49
Q

How to name haloalkanes?

A

chloro-, bromo-, iodo-

50
Q

How to name ketones?

A

Use the suffix -one.

51
Q

How to name carboxylic acids?

A

Use the suffix -oic acid

52
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

In an addition reaction, two reactants join together to form one product.

53
Q

What is a substitution reaction?

A

In a substitution reaction, an atom or group of atoms is replaced by by a different atom or group of atoms.

54
Q

What is an elimation reaction?

A

An elimation reaction involves the removal of a small molecule from a larger one.

Chemistry A-level (14 decks)

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