CHAPTER 11 Flashcards

1
Q

anapsids

A

Amniotes that completely lack fenestrae (modern turtles)

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2
Q

Synapsids

A

amniotes with one fenestra on each lateral side of their skull. All mammals are synapsids

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3
Q

diapsids

A

Amniotes with one set of fenestrae on the lateral sides of their skulls and one set on the top surfaces of their skulls

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4
Q

Diapsids are further subdivided into two groups, again based on fenestrae.

A

Lepidosauromorphs or lepidosaurs

and

Archosauromorphs or archosaurs

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5
Q

Archosauromorphs or archosaurs

A

are diapsids with an additional fenestra in front of each orbit (the antorbital fenestra) and an additional fenestra on the rear of the lower jaw (the mandibular fenestra).

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6
Q

examples of archosaurs

A

Crocodilians, birds, dinosaurs, and the extinct flying reptiles called pterosaurs are all archosaurs.

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7
Q

Lepidosauromorphs or lepidosaurs

A

are diapsids with no additional fenestrae.

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8
Q

examples of lepidosaurs

A

Modern lepidosaurs include lizards, snakes, and tuataras.

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9
Q

Avemetatarsalians

A

they are characterized by having ankles that flex like a hinge, while other archosaurs have ankles that rotate like a ball-and-socket.

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10
Q

what does the adaptation that Avemetatarsalians have give?

A

it gave stiffer ankles, which were better able to safely support their weight while running and were better suited to locomotion on upright (non-sprawling) limbs.

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11
Q

Pseudosuchian archosaurs:

A

which include today’s living crocodiles, their ancestors

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12
Q

Avemetatarsalian archosaurs:

A

which include dinosaurs and their immediate ancestors, pterosaurs, and birds.

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13
Q

Dinosaurs are

A

dinosauromorphan, avemetatarsalian, archosaurian diapsids.

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14
Q

who were the first groups to evolve into mega herbivores and carnivores in land during the beginning of Permian?

A

the synapsids

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15
Q

Dimetrodon

A

one of the earliest synapsids

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16
Q

gorgonopsids

A

Late in the Permian, large saber- toothed synapsids, called gorgonopsids, were the top predators.

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17
Q

tusked dicynodonts

A

were the top herbivores

18
Q

which synapsid would go in to evolve into mammals

A

Cynodonts

19
Q

probable causes of the mass extinction in the permian

A
  • long lasting volcanic activity creating a greenhouse effect, increasing global temps.
20
Q

what did an increase in global temp do to after the end of the permian?

A

Increased global temperatures = melting of frozen chemicals called methane hydrates deep in the ocean = more global warming and more melting of methane hydrates

21
Q

didi a comet cause the permian extinction

A

no since no comet has been found.

22
Q

who survived the permian extinction

A

synapsids.

Gradually, large archosaurs became more abundant, while large synapsids became less abundant.

23
Q

pseudosuchians

A
  • phytosaurs
  • rauisuchids and prestosuchians
  • poposauroids
  • aetosaurs
24
Q

phytosaurs

A

which were semiaquatic predators like their distant crocodile relatives

25
Q

aetosaurs

A

the heavily armored and herbivorous aetosaurs ,

26
Q

the rauisuchids and prestosuchians

A

which were terrestrial predators with upright limb posture;

27
Q

poposauroids

A

some had sail-backs and demonstrated convergent evolution with the earlier Dimetrodon.

28
Q

earliest dinosaur-like archosaurs were,

A

small and bipedal and looked a lot like the true dinosaurs

29
Q

what did early archosaurs lack that all dinosaurs had ?

A

a hip socket with a hole through it

30
Q

what do we call archosaurs because they lack the hip socket with a hole through it?

A

we call them dinosauromorphs

31
Q

what are the earliest records of early carnivorous saurischian dinosaurs

A

Eoraptor, Eodromaeus, Herrerasaurus, and Panphagia

32
Q

__________ is an early herbivorous ornithischian dinosaur

A

isanosaurus

33
Q

what were more successful and diverse within early dinosaurs

A

carnivores

34
Q

what was the most common predator

A

Coelophysis, Triassic theropod that has been found in large bonebeds in New Mexico

35
Q

when did prosauropods evolve ?

A

late jurassic (Plateosaurus)

36
Q

after the end Permian extinction, pseudosuchian archosaurs…

A

diversified and became very common, they began to evolve Dino like body plans.

37
Q

was the end of the jurassic known?

A

NO

38
Q

what happened in the jurassic mass extinction

A

hit many archosaurs but not Dinos, Dinos got lucky.

39
Q

why did archosaurs die off and not dinosaurs ?

A

some aspect of their biology made them better able to survive the end-Triassic extinction than the pseudosuchians.

40
Q

mandibular

A

an additional fenestra on the rear of the lower jaw

41
Q

who evolved into the crocodiles

A

a line of archosaurs called pseudosuchians