CHAPTER 11

Question 1

anapsids

Answer 1

Amniotes that completely lack fenestrae (modern turtles)

Question 2

Synapsids

Answer 2

amniotes with one fenestra on each lateral side of their skull. All mammals are synapsids

Question 3

diapsids

Answer 3

Amniotes with one set of fenestrae on the lateral sides of their skulls and one set on the top surfaces of their skulls

Question 4

Diapsids are further subdivided into two groups, again based on fenestrae.

Answer 4

Lepidosauromorphs or lepidosaurs

and

Archosauromorphs or archosaurs

Question 5

Archosauromorphs or archosaurs

Answer 5

are diapsids with an additional fenestra in front of each orbit (the antorbital fenestra) and an additional fenestra on the rear of the lower jaw (the mandibular fenestra).

Question 6

examples of archosaurs

Answer 6

Crocodilians, birds, dinosaurs, and the extinct flying reptiles called pterosaurs are all archosaurs.

Question 7

Lepidosauromorphs or lepidosaurs

Answer 7

are diapsids with no additional fenestrae.

Question 8

examples of lepidosaurs

Answer 8

Modern lepidosaurs include lizards, snakes, and tuataras.

Question 9

Avemetatarsalians

Answer 9

they are characterized by having ankles that flex like a hinge, while other archosaurs have ankles that rotate like a ball-and-socket.

Question 10

what does the adaptation that Avemetatarsalians have give?

Answer 10

it gave stiffer ankles, which were better able to safely support their weight while running and were better suited to locomotion on upright (non-sprawling) limbs.

Question 11

Pseudosuchian archosaurs:

Answer 11

which include today’s living crocodiles, their ancestors

Question 12

Avemetatarsalian archosaurs:

Answer 12

which include dinosaurs and their immediate ancestors, pterosaurs, and birds.

Question 13

Dinosaurs are

Answer 13

dinosauromorphan, avemetatarsalian, archosaurian diapsids.

Question 14

who were the first groups to evolve into mega herbivores and carnivores in land during the beginning of Permian?

Answer 14

the synapsids

Question 15

Dimetrodon

Answer 15

one of the earliest synapsids

Question 16

gorgonopsids

Answer 16

Late in the Permian, large saber- toothed synapsids, called gorgonopsids, were the top predators.

Question 17

tusked dicynodonts

Answer 17

were the top herbivores

Question 18

which synapsid would go in to evolve into mammals

Answer 18

Cynodonts

Question 19

probable causes of the mass extinction in the permian

Answer 19

• long lasting volcanic activity creating a greenhouse effect, increasing global temps.

Question 20

what did an increase in global temp do to after the end of the permian?

Answer 20

Increased global temperatures = melting of frozen chemicals called methane hydrates deep in the ocean = more global warming and more melting of methane hydrates

Question 21

didi a comet cause the permian extinction

Answer 21

no since no comet has been found.

Question 22

who survived the permian extinction

Answer 22

synapsids.

Gradually, large archosaurs became more abundant, while large synapsids became less abundant.

Question 23

pseudosuchians

Answer 23

• phytosaurs
• rauisuchids and prestosuchians
• poposauroids
• aetosaurs

Question 24

phytosaurs

Answer 24

which were semiaquatic predators like their distant crocodile relatives

Question 25

aetosaurs

Answer 25

the heavily armored and herbivorous aetosaurs ,

Question 26

the rauisuchids and prestosuchians

Answer 26

which were terrestrial predators with upright limb posture;

Question 27

poposauroids

Answer 27

some had sail-backs and demonstrated convergent evolution with the earlier Dimetrodon.

Question 28

earliest dinosaur-like archosaurs were,

Answer 28

small and bipedal and looked a lot like the true dinosaurs

Question 29

what did early archosaurs lack that all dinosaurs had ?

Answer 29

a hip socket with a hole through it

Question 30

what do we call archosaurs because they lack the hip socket with a hole through it?

Answer 30

we call them dinosauromorphs

Question 31

what are the earliest records of early carnivorous saurischian dinosaurs

Answer 31

Eoraptor, Eodromaeus, Herrerasaurus, and Panphagia

Question 32

__________ is an early herbivorous ornithischian dinosaur

Answer 32

isanosaurus

Question 33

what were more successful and diverse within early dinosaurs

Answer 33

carnivores

Question 34

what was the most common predator

Answer 34

Coelophysis, Triassic theropod that has been found in large bonebeds in New Mexico

Question 35

when did prosauropods evolve ?

Answer 35

late jurassic (Plateosaurus)

Question 36

after the end Permian extinction, pseudosuchian archosaurs...

Answer 36

diversified and became very common, they began to evolve Dino like body plans.

Question 37

was the end of the jurassic known?

Answer 37

NO

Question 38

what happened in the jurassic mass extinction

Answer 38

hit many archosaurs but not Dinos, Dinos got lucky.

Question 39

why did archosaurs die off and not dinosaurs ?

Answer 39

some aspect of their biology made them better able to survive the end-Triassic extinction than the pseudosuchians.

Question 40

mandibular

Answer 40

an additional fenestra on the rear of the lower jaw

Question 41

who evolved into the crocodiles

Answer 41

a line of archosaurs called pseudosuchians