CHAPTER 1 Flashcards
what does the word fossil mean?
dug up
four main functions of bones.
- resist gravity and maintain animals form.
- provide a rigid framework for muscle attachment
- provide protection and can be major robust weapons like horns
- store mineral reserves, like calcium, when resources are scares, the minerals can be reabsorbed.
what do vertebrates have?
have a skull and vertebrae
what’s the skull made up off?
many one plates the are tightly locked.
what is the rear portion of the skull called, and what does it do?
the brain case. is houses the brain.
nares
pair of opening for the nostrils
orbits
pair off opening for the eyes in the skull.
what are additional openings in the skull called?
fenestrae
fenestrae in the sides of skull
latertemporal fenestrae
fenestrae on the top of the skull
supratemporal fenestrae
skull openings between the orbits and the naris
antorbital fenestrae
what do the laterotemporal and supra temporal fenestrae do?
they provide extra room for large jaw muscles
above the _____ is the _______, which covers the ______
- centrum
- neural arch
- neural canal
what are neural canals
the openings in each vertebrae, through which the spinal nerves run.
transverse processes
extend from the lateral sides of the vertebrae
spinous processes
extend upwards from the neural arch
vertebrae in the neck
cervical vertebrae
what do vertebrae in the neck do?
have large openings for blood and nerve channels and are adapted to support the weight of an animal’s head.
vertebrae in the back
dorsal vertebrae
vertebrae in the hip
sacral vertebrae
vertebrae in the tail
caudal vertebrae
bones underneath caudal vertebrae
chevrons
what do chevrons do?
protect a large blood and nerve channel and provide support for tail muscles
small ribs positioned across a dinosaurs underbelly
gastralia
tetrapods
means four feet
largest bone on each side of the pectoral girdle.
scapula or shoulder blade
what bones compose the pelvic girdle
- ilium
- ischium
- pubis
ilium
upper hip bone called the ilium. the sacral vertebrae are fused to the ilium.
what is below the ilium
pubis and ischium
pubis
positioned in front of the ischium,
ischium
positioned behind the pubis
bone between the shoulder and the elbow, largest bone in the fore limbs
humerus
between the elbow and wrist are two parallel bones
radius and ulna, the radius is the thinner one.
bones in the wrist
carpals
bones between the wrist and finders
metacarpals
finger bones
phalanges
the bone between the hip and knee
femur
bones between the knee and ankle
fibula and tibia, fibula is the thinner one.
bones in the ankle
tarsals
bones between the ankle and toes
metatarsals
bones in the toes
phalanges
two major groups of dinosaurs
saurischian and ornithischian
saurischian dinosaurs
have a pubis that extends downwards and forwards
ornithischian dinosaurs
have a pubis extended downwards and backwards. also have a spacial beak-forming bone. mainly herbivores
lizard hipped
saurischian
bird hipped
ornithischian
two major groups of saurischian dinosaurs
sauropodomorphs and theropods
early group of sauropodomorphs and were the first group of large bodied herbivores
prosauropods
sauropods
a larger group of sauropodomorphs
theropods
bipedal saurischian dinosaurs.
five major groups of ornithischians
- ornithopods
- pachycephalosaurs
- ceratopsians
- stegosaurs
- ankylosaurs
osteoderms
bones that develop within the skin
melanosomes
pigment cells within a feather
how do you get black and grey colours
long and narrow melanosomes
how do you get brown and reddish colours
short and wide melanosomes
how do you get white colors
no melanosomes
how to get iridescence or glossiness colors
narrow melanosomes that are aligned in the same directions
why are vertebrates more numerous when it comes to species of large animals, especially on land.
This success is probably related to the vertebral column’s ability to passively support weight and to anchor enlarged muscles.
which bone forms the shin?
The Tibia.
predentary
special beak-forming bone in the upper jaw.
Ornithopods
wide range of dinosaurs that lack amor and either walked bipedally all the time or assumed a bipedal stance when running. (iguanodons and hadrosaurs)
hadrosaurs
had elaborate crests and dental batteries.
Iguanodons
large ornithopod with spike-shaped claw on each hand.
pachycephalosaurs
- biped with short arms, unusually stout and strong tails and armoured skulls.
- Have Sharpe conical teen in the font of their mouths behind their beaks and leaf-shaped teeth in the rear
ceratopsians
- evolved late
- had parrot like beaks and skulls that are greatly expanded in the rear.
- expansion takes large boney frill.
- had dental batteries. were quadrupedal and short tails.
stegosaurs
- quadrupedal
- rows of osteoderms on either back or tails.
- shorter forelimbs than hindlimbs.
- can’t turn but can pivot.
Ankylosaurs
- heavily armoured
- quadrupedal
- backs and skulls
covered in osteoderms. - short snouts, broader rounded beaks.
Integument
body covering such as feather or quills.
why is rare t find skin fossilized?
BECUASE IT DECAYS ALOT FASTER
what was the first mummy and what did it show?
first one was a hadrosaur and scales that changed shape in different regions of the body.
keratin
tough but flexible material that forms feathers, fingernails, hair, claws, beaks, and horns.
why did the feathers become preserved ion china?
because it was suddenly buried by extremely fine ash from a volcano.
hypothesized that osteoderms of sauropods were more for ______ rather then______
hypothesized that osteoderms of sauropods were more for mineral reserves rather than protection.
how can we study bones because they don’t fossilize?
study the bones which muscle use as a framework to attach.
