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paleontology > CHAPTER 1 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the word fossil mean?

A

dug up

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2
Q

four main functions of bones.

A
  • resist gravity and maintain animals form.
  • provide a rigid framework for muscle attachment
  • provide protection and can be major robust weapons like horns
  • store mineral reserves, like calcium, when resources are scares, the minerals can be reabsorbed.
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3
Q

what do vertebrates have?

A

have a skull and vertebrae

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4
Q

what’s the skull made up off?

A

many one plates the are tightly locked.

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5
Q

what is the rear portion of the skull called, and what does it do?

A

the brain case. is houses the brain.

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6
Q

nares

A

pair of opening for the nostrils

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7
Q

orbits

A

pair off opening for the eyes in the skull.

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8
Q

what are additional openings in the skull called?

A

fenestrae

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9
Q

fenestrae in the sides of skull

A

latertemporal fenestrae

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10
Q

fenestrae on the top of the skull

A

supratemporal fenestrae

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11
Q

skull openings between the orbits and the naris

A

antorbital fenestrae

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12
Q

what do the laterotemporal and supra temporal fenestrae do?

A

they provide extra room for large jaw muscles

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13
Q

above the _____ is the _______, which covers the ______

A
  • centrum
  • neural arch
  • neural canal
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14
Q

what are neural canals

A

the openings in each vertebrae, through which the spinal nerves run.

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15
Q

transverse processes

A

extend from the lateral sides of the vertebrae

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16
Q

spinous processes

A

extend upwards from the neural arch

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17
Q

vertebrae in the neck

A

cervical vertebrae

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18
Q

what do vertebrae in the neck do?

A

have large openings for blood and nerve channels and are adapted to support the weight of an animal’s head.

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19
Q

vertebrae in the back

A

dorsal vertebrae

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20
Q

vertebrae in the hip

A

sacral vertebrae

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21
Q

vertebrae in the tail

A

caudal vertebrae

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22
Q

bones underneath caudal vertebrae

A

chevrons

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23
Q

what do chevrons do?

A

protect a large blood and nerve channel and provide support for tail muscles

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24
Q

small ribs positioned across a dinosaurs underbelly

A

gastralia

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25
Q

tetrapods

A

means four feet

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26
Q

largest bone on each side of the pectoral girdle.

A

scapula or shoulder blade

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27
Q

what bones compose the pelvic girdle

A
  • ilium
  • ischium
  • pubis
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28
Q

ilium

A

upper hip bone called the ilium. the sacral vertebrae are fused to the ilium.

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29
Q

what is below the ilium

A

pubis and ischium

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30
Q

pubis

A

positioned in front of the ischium,

31
Q

ischium

A

positioned behind the pubis

32
Q

bone between the shoulder and the elbow, largest bone in the fore limbs

A

humerus

33
Q

between the elbow and wrist are two parallel bones

A

radius and ulna, the radius is the thinner one.

34
Q

bones in the wrist

A

carpals

35
Q

bones between the wrist and finders

A

metacarpals

36
Q

finger bones

A

phalanges

37
Q

the bone between the hip and knee

A

femur

38
Q

bones between the knee and ankle

A

fibula and tibia, fibula is the thinner one.

39
Q

bones in the ankle

A

tarsals

40
Q

bones between the ankle and toes

A

metatarsals

41
Q

bones in the toes

A

phalanges

42
Q

two major groups of dinosaurs

A

saurischian and ornithischian

43
Q

saurischian dinosaurs

A

have a pubis that extends downwards and forwards

44
Q

ornithischian dinosaurs

A

have a pubis extended downwards and backwards. also have a spacial beak-forming bone. mainly herbivores

45
Q

lizard hipped

A

saurischian

46
Q

bird hipped

A

ornithischian

47
Q

two major groups of saurischian dinosaurs

A

sauropodomorphs and theropods

48
Q

early group of sauropodomorphs and were the first group of large bodied herbivores

A

prosauropods

49
Q

sauropods

A

a larger group of sauropodomorphs

50
Q

theropods

A

bipedal saurischian dinosaurs.

51
Q

five major groups of ornithischians

A
  • ornithopods
  • pachycephalosaurs
  • ceratopsians
  • stegosaurs
  • ankylosaurs
52
Q

osteoderms

A

bones that develop within the skin

53
Q

melanosomes

A

pigment cells within a feather

54
Q

how do you get black and grey colours

A

long and narrow melanosomes

55
Q

how do you get brown and reddish colours

A

short and wide melanosomes

56
Q

how do you get white colors

A

no melanosomes

57
Q

how to get iridescence or glossiness colors

A

narrow melanosomes that are aligned in the same directions

58
Q

why are vertebrates more numerous when it comes to species of large animals, especially on land.

A

This success is probably related to the vertebral column’s ability to passively support weight and to anchor enlarged muscles.

59
Q

which bone forms the shin?

A

The Tibia.

60
Q

predentary

A

special beak-forming bone in the upper jaw.

61
Q

Ornithopods

A

wide range of dinosaurs that lack amor and either walked bipedally all the time or assumed a bipedal stance when running. (iguanodons and hadrosaurs)

62
Q

hadrosaurs

A

had elaborate crests and dental batteries.

63
Q

Iguanodons

A

large ornithopod with spike-shaped claw on each hand.

64
Q

pachycephalosaurs

A
  • biped with short arms, unusually stout and strong tails and armoured skulls.
  • Have Sharpe conical teen in the font of their mouths behind their beaks and leaf-shaped teeth in the rear
65
Q

ceratopsians

A
  • evolved late
  • had parrot like beaks and skulls that are greatly expanded in the rear.
  • expansion takes large boney frill.
  • had dental batteries. were quadrupedal and short tails.
66
Q

stegosaurs

A
  • quadrupedal
  • rows of osteoderms on either back or tails.
  • shorter forelimbs than hindlimbs.
  • can’t turn but can pivot.
67
Q

Ankylosaurs

A
  • heavily armoured
  • quadrupedal
  • backs and skulls
    covered in osteoderms.
  • short snouts, broader rounded beaks.
68
Q

Integument

A

body covering such as feather or quills.

69
Q

why is rare t find skin fossilized?

A

BECUASE IT DECAYS ALOT FASTER

70
Q

what was the first mummy and what did it show?

A

first one was a hadrosaur and scales that changed shape in different regions of the body.

71
Q

keratin

A

tough but flexible material that forms feathers, fingernails, hair, claws, beaks, and horns.

72
Q

why did the feathers become preserved ion china?

A

because it was suddenly buried by extremely fine ash from a volcano.

73
Q

hypothesized that osteoderms of sauropods were more for ______ rather then______

A

hypothesized that osteoderms of sauropods were more for mineral reserves rather than protection.

74
Q

how can we study bones because they don’t fossilize?

A

study the bones which muscle use as a framework to attach.

paleontology (12 decks)

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