Chapter 11

Question 1

Social role

Answer 1

a set of behaviors I’m socially agreed-upon functions and for which they sit and accepted colors of norms

Question 2

Social integration

Answer 2

being comfortably involved in meaningful interpersonal associations and friendship relations

Question 3

Life-course

Answer 3

reference to the integration and sequencing of phases of work and family life

Question 4

work

Answer 4

job or activity that a person does regularly especially to earn money

Question 5

trajectories

Answer 5

In the life course, the path of one’s life experiences in a specific domain, particularly work and family life.

Question 6

transitions

Answer 6

Definition:
In the life course, the beginning or close of an event or role relationship. For example, work transitions might be getting one’s first job, being laid off, and going back to school for an advanced degree.

Question 7

social clock

Answer 7

Definition:

Expectations for orderly and sequential changes that occur with the passage of time as individuals move through life.

Question 8

role sequencing

Answer 8

Definition:
The order of entry into new roles and age-related role transitions often based on normative expectations of members of one’s ethnic group.

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Question 9

cohort

Answer 9

Definition:
In life course analysis, a cohort is a group of people who are roughly the same age during a particular historical period.

Question 10

fulfillment theories

Answer 10

Definition:
Theories that emphasizes the purposive, goal-oriented strivings that characterize adult life, particularly those strivings for personal fulfilment and self-actualization.

Question 11

competence motivation

Answer 11

Definition:

The desire to exercise mastery by effectively manipulating objects or social interactions.

Question 12

Self-acceptance

Answer 12

Definition:
The product of the positive feelings that come from expressing and trusting one’s ideas and feelings; and from the acceptance one receives from others.

Question 13

Self-actualization

Answer 13

Definition:
A motive that urges the person to make optimal use of his or her full potential to become a more effective, creative participant in daily life.

Question 14

cohabitation

Answer 14

Definition:

Two or more people living together, with or without the intention of marriage.

Question 15

Marriage

Answer 15

Definition:

The relationship that exists between two people who are in a consensual and contractual relationship recognized by law.

Question 16

romantic love

Answer 16

Definition:
A form of love that combines passion and commitment; an exhilarating, emotional, and preoccupying experience of affection and attachment to the loved object.

Question 17

endogamy

Answer 17

Definition:

Marriage within one’s well-defined group, such as one’s ethnic or religious group.

Question 18

homogamy

Answer 18

Definition:

When people are attracted to others who share important areas of similarity.

Question 19

social evolutionary theory

Answer 19

Definition:

A theory that emphasizes reproductive potential and reproductive investment in the selection of a desirable partner.

Question 20

role compatibility

Answer 20

Definition:
When partners in a relationship approach situations in a manner that works well, their behaviors and responses complement one another.

Question 21

positivity bias

Answer 21

Definition:
The tendency to view one’s romantic partner in an overly positive light, thereby making one feel he or she has found the absolutely perfect partner, and making the partner feel valued and cherished.

Question 22

similarity bias

Answer 22

Definition:
The tendency to exaggerate perceptions of similarity between partners, thereby increasing feelings of closeness and being understood.

Question 23

communal norm

Answer 23

Definition:
A family science theory that suggests each person pays close attention to their partner’s needs and acts in ways that will support the partner’s welfare. In a communal relationship, each partner tries to meet the needs of the other within reason.

Question 24

exchange norm

Answer 24

Definition:
A family science theory that suggests each person expects to satisfy the needs of the partner and to have needs met in about the same amount. It includes a sense of obligation so that what one receives from the partner should be returned in similar value.

Question 25

marital conflict

Answer 25

Definition:
Disagreement between partners in a marital relationship, often over opposing goals, needs, values, and the control of resources.

Question 26

negative communication

Answer 26

Definition:

Verbal and nonverbal negative expressions and hostile put-downs.

Question 27

coercive escalation

Answer 27

Definition:
A style of interaction in which the probability that a negative remark will be followed by another negative remark increases as the chain of communication gets longer and longer.

Question 28

Congruence

Answer 28

Definition:
In a romantic or marital relationship, the state in which the partners are similar or agree in how they approach conflict.

Question 29

lack of congruence

Answer 29

Definition:
In a romantic or marital relationship, the state in which the partners are dissimilar or disagree in how they approach conflict.

Question 30

contactful

Answer 30

Definition:
A mode or style of interaction that is open to the other person’s point of view and that also clearly expresses the speaker’s own position.

Question 31

controlling interactions

Answer 31

Definition:
Interactions in which one person expresses his or her point of view and does not take the other person’s point of view into consideration.

Question 32

demand-withdraw pattern

Answer 32

Definition:
A pattern of communication in which one member of a marital relationship (the demander) nags, criticizes, and makes demands of the other to change, while the partner (the withdrawer) avoids confrontation, becomes silent, and withdraws.

Question 33

work/life balance

Answer 33

Definition:
A concept that reflects the ability to prioritize career ambitions and goals with lifestyle goals to achieve a sense of well-being and life satisfaction.

Question 34

fertility rate

Answer 34

Definition:

The average number of births per woman of childbearing age.

Question 35

childbearing

Answer 35

Definition:

Related to the process of having babies.

Question 36

marital companionship

Answer 36

Definition:

Leisure activities shared by a married couple.

Question 37

Occupational hazards

Answer 37

Definition:
Potential physical and psychological risks associated with the workplace, including exposure to toxins, work-related injuries, and exposure to diseases, reproductive hazards, and working conditions that have negative psychological consequences.

Question 38

Lifestyle

Answer 38

Definition:
A relatively permanent structure of activity and experience, including the tempo of activity, the balance between work and leisure, and patterns of family and social relationships.

Question 39

pace of life

Answer 39

Definition:
The busyness of life, including activity, leisure, and rest, which is shaped by work, family, personality, and environmental contexts.

Question 40

Intimacy

Answer 40

Definition:
The ability to experience an open, supportive, tender relationship with another person without fear of losing one’s own identity in the process of growing close. The sense of intimacy is usually acquired toward the end of early adulthood.

Question 41

intimate relationship

Answer 41

Definition:

An open, supportive, tender relationship with another person without fear of losing one’s own identity in the process.

Question 42

isolation

Answer 42

Definition:
A crisis resolution in which situational factors or a fragile sense of self lead a person to remain psychologically distant from others; the state of being alone.

Question 43

mutuality among peers

Answer 43

Definition:
Empathic awareness of one another, understanding of self and other, and the ability and willingness to regulate one’s needs in order to respond to the needs of one’s partner.

Question 44

exclusivity

Answer 44

Definition:

A shutting out of others for elitist reasons.

Question 45

divorce

Answer 45

Definition:

The legal dissolution of a marriage.

Question 46

socioeconomic level

Answer 46

Definition:
One’s ranking based on a number of social and financial indicators, including years of education, occupation, and income.

Question 47

Glick effect

Answer 47

Definition:
Statistical evidence of a lack of persistence that relates dropping out of high school or college with a high probability of divorce.