Chapter 10 Flashcards
Autonomy:
The ability to behave independently, to do things
on one’s own.
Differentiation
The extent to which a social system encourages
closeness while supporting the expression of
differences.
Self-sufficiency:
The state of making independent decisions,
taking responsibility for one’s actions, and
achieving a degree of financial independence.
gender identity
A set of beliefs, attitudes, and values about oneself as a man or woman in many areas of social life, including intimate relations, family, work, community, and religion.
Sexual orientation
refers to erotic, romantic, and affectionate attraction to people of the same, opposite, or both sexes; later adolescence is a common time for the crystallization of sexual identity
Factors that influence career choice:
Family background
Education
Gender role socialization.
Phases of career decision-making
Exploration Crystallization Choice Clarification Induction Influence Integration
The private self includes four basic elements:
Sense of agency
Unity,
Otherness
Decentering/distancing
Structure of identity has two components:
Content: what one thinks about, values, & beliefs
Evaluation: significance one places on various aspects of the identity content
parental attachment
Relationship of a child to his or her parents
characterized by different possible levels of
stability and security.
introspection
Deliberate self-evaluation & examination of
private thoughts & feelings.
masculinity
Gender traits associated with being instrumental
& agentic (having leadership abilities, assertiveness, control)
femininity
Gender traits associated with being expressive
& communal (valuing interpersonal & spiritual development, & being tender, sympathetic, & concerned about the wellbeing of others)
androgyny
The capacity to express both masculine &
feminine characteristics situationally.
Transgendered
People who do not identify with the gender they
were born with and who move across or
combine gender boundaries.
third gender
A concept that expands our way of thinking
about gender by including more options than
just man and woman.
Gender-role expectations
Cultural and subcultural expectations
concerning the appropriate behavior of male
& female individuals.
androgens
General term for male sex hormones
estrogens
The major female sex hormone.
internalized morality
Ability to see oneself as a moral being
whose actions have implications for the wellbeing of others; using closely held standards to
judge their own behavior and the behavior of
others.
preconventional level
Stage I of Kohlberg’s moral reasoning theory -
children judge an action as morally
justifiable based on the immediate
consequences of the behavior & approval
of authority
conventional level
Stage II of Kohlberg’s moral reasoning theory -
reflects a concern about the maintenance
of the existing rules and laws and respect for
legitimate authority.
postconventional level
Stage III of Kohlberg’s moral reasoning theory; the awareness that rules are a
product of social, cultural, and political
processes and individuals can evaluate the fairness
and appropriateness of these rules based on their own values and social conditions.
cultural relativism
Morality is viewed as a system of rules that are
agreed upon in order to preserve human rights
and social order. Rules are understood as
having been created in cultural and historical
contexts, and can be altered as the norms of the
community change.
moral exemplars
People who have dedicated themselves to
improving the lives of others
moral identity
The sense in which a person defines himself or
herself in moral terms and evaluates his or her
behavior against moral standards that represent
an integration of parental socialization about
caring for others, an appreciation for the cultural
and social contexts of moral actions, and
experiences that have required moral action.
prohibitive moral judgments
A judgment involving a conflict between violating
a law and breaking a promise in order to
achieve some other goal.
prosocial moral judgments
A judgment involving a conflict between doing
something helpful for someone else and
meeting one’s own needs.
caring
Displaying kindness and concern for others.
justice orientation
Moral decision making based on human rights,
respect for others, and fairness.
caring orientation
Moral decision making based on one’s
responsibility for others and feelings of
connection to them.
career choice
A choice of occupation that will influence one’s
personal financial resources and opportunities.
career decision making
The process that takes place in various points of
one’s occupational life that involves reviewing
alternatives & assimilating factors such as
1.social and historical contexts,
2. socioeconomic factors,
3. individual talents,
4. identity development
5. experience
career maturity
The stage at which a person has developed
decision-making strategies and the self-insight
that permits a realistic career choice.
phases of career decision making
Model for making occupation-related decisions; includes seven stages: exploration phase crystallization phase choice phase clarification phase induction phase influence phase integration phase.
exploration phase
In Tiedeman’s career decision model, the phase
when a person realizes that a career decision
must be made and therefore begins to learn
more about those aspects of the self and the
occupational world that are relevant to the
impending decision.
crystallization phase
In Tiedeman’s career decision model, the phase
when the person becomes more aware of the
alternatives for action and their consequences.
choice phase
In Tiedeman’s career decision model, the phase
when the person decides which action
alternative to follow. The decision is solidified in
the person’s mind as he or she elaborates on the
reasons why the decision is beneficial.
clarification phase
In Tiedeman’s career decision model, the phase
when the person more fully understands the
consequences of his or her commitment to the
decision that has been made.
induction phase
In Tiedeman’s career decision model, the phase
when a person encounters the new work
environment for the first time.
influence phase
In Tiedeman’s career decision model, the phase
when the person is very much involved with the
new group. He or she becomes more assertive
in asking that the group perform better.
integration phase
In Tiedeman’s career decision model, the phase
when group members react against the new
member’s attempts to influence them. The new
member then compromises. In the process, he
or she attains a more objective understanding of
the self and the group.
Career decision-making self-efficacy
The state of confidence about being able to
accurately assess one’s abilities, gather relevant
information, formulate appropriate goals, make
plans to achieve those goals, and solve the
problems that pose barriers to the achievement
of goals.
career indecision
The inability to choose an occupation; common
in later adolescence due to the complexity of the
work world
private self
Refers to a person’s inner uniqueness and unity
and the subjective experience of being the originator of one’s thoughts and actions and of being self-reflective.
public self
The many roles that one plays and the expectations that social reference groups, including family members, neighbors, teachers, friends, religious groups, ethnic groups, and even national leaders, have for one’s behavior.
identity process
A process in which the older adolescent examines alternatives, selects goals in various domains (personal, occupational, financial cultural), makes personal and interpersonal commitments to achieve these goals, and takes the active steps to achieve them.
identity status
One of four levels in the identity process characterized by different degrees of crisis and commitment.
Crisis
A dramatic emotional or circumstantial upheaval in a person’s life. In psychosocial theory, this often refers to a normal set of stresses and strains rather than to an extraordinary set of events, and it consists of a period of role experimentation and active decision making
among alternative choices.
Commitment
Consists of a demonstration of personal involvement in the areas of occupational choice, religion, and political ideology.
identity achieved
Individual identity status in which, after a crisis, a sense of commitment to family, work, political, and religious values is established.
moratorium
An identity status in which people are involved in ongoing exploration and experimentation; typically an active, open time for gathering information and discovering how one fits in certain roles.
negative identity
A clearly defined self-image that is contrary to the cultural values of the community.
role experimentation
The central process for the resolution of the
psychosocial crisis of later adolescence which involves participation in a variety of roles before any final commitments are made.
psychosocial moratorium
A period of free experimentation before a final identity is achieved.
turning point
A critical incident that brings about a significant
change in commitment.
ethnic identity
An aspect of self-concept related to one’s sense
of belonging & connection to one or more ethnic groups.
fidelity
The ability to freely pledge and sustain loyalties
to others; the ability to freely pledge and sustain
loyalties to values and ideologies.
Repudiation
Rejection of roles and values that are viewed as
alien to oneself.
dropping out of college
Leaving a college or university in which one is
enrolled before completing a degree.
