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Physics > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Scar tissue enhances in the lumbar spine shortly after the injection of contrast (T or F)

A

true

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2
Q

Select all of the following that were discussed as possible MR contrast agents in the text.

A

Dilute barium solutions
Gadolinium
Mango juice
Blueberry juice

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3
Q

Choose all of the following that enhancement agents can be useful in detecting

A

Infarction
Tumors
Infection
Inflammation

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4
Q

When using gadolinium, the T1 relaxation time of the water is reduced so enhancing lesions (such as tumors associated with free water) appear bright on a T1 weighted image. (T or F)

A

True

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5
Q

Which sequence would be used to best visualize metastatic lesions in the bone?

A

Fat saturation techniques with contrast

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6
Q

Gadolinium chelates are ferromagnetic.

A

False

They are paramagnetic

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7
Q

On a T1 weighted pre-contrast image, fat appears _____ and water appears _____.

A

Bright, Dark

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8
Q

All gadolinium contrast agents have the same ‘relaxivity’. (T or F)

A

False

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9
Q

Gadolinium element is ________ and gadolinium chelate contrast media is ________.

A

Ferromagnetic/paramagnetic

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10
Q

T1 time, T2 time

A

intrinsic

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11
Q

pulse sequence type

A

extrinsic

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12
Q

There are no known contraindications to gadolinium contrast. (T or F)

A

False

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13
Q

Gadolinium cannot cross the intact blood-brain barrier (BBB). (T or F)

A

true
however it can pass through breakdowns in the BBB, hence why it is so useful in detecting pathology in the brain and spinal cord.

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14
Q

After gadolinium administration, it is recommended that which images are acquired?

A

Multiple T1 weighted images

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15
Q

Enhanced MR images are evaluated for sensitivity and specificity, where sensitivity is ________ and specificity is ________.

A

The ability to detect the lesion/the ability to classify the lesion

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16
Q

Gadolinium cannot cross the ___ blood-brain barrier; however, gadolinium is valuable in imaging the CNS because of its ability to pass through ___ in the blood-brain barrier.

A

intact, breakdowns

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17
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Gadolinium can be used as a T1 and a T2 enhancement agent.

A

True

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18
Q

What is the recommended dose of gadolinium?

A
  1. 1 mmol/kg

0. 2ml/kg

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19
Q

Which of the following are contrast agent helpful in detecting

A 
inflammation
infarction
contrast-enhanced MRA
tumors
post operation spinal surgery
infection
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20
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Breast lesions that “wash-in” and “wash-out” rapidly are thought to be malignant.

A

True

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21
Q

TRUE or FALSE: It is acceptable to inject every patient with a standard dose of 10mL.

A

true and false

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22
Q

TRUE or FALSE: To comply with the ACR recommendations, a facility must have a doctor present during an injection of any contrast agent.

A

True

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23
Q

Which is true concerning NSF?

A

symptoms may not present for several days-weeks
fatal condition, no cure
bark-like skin condition
affects other organs, too

24
Q

As an element, gadolinium is ___; however, when used as a contrast agent gadolinium is ___.

A

ferromagnetic, paramagnetic

25
Q

how do lesions appear w gad on T1

A

bright lesions

26
Q

how do lesions appear w gad on T2

A

dark lesions

27
Q

Which series is usually performed after contrast injection?

A

T1

28
Q

helium

A

may be used for imaging of the lung

29
Q

manganese

A

may be used for liver

30
Q

blueberry and mango juice

A

make bowel dark on T2 images

31
Q

dilute barium

A

make bowel bright on T1 images

32
Q

air

A

given via rectum to see prostate or uterus

33
Q

Why is timing essential when imaging the liver seen on first pass

A

malignant lesions seen

34
Q

Why is timing essential when imaging the liver second pass

A

liver and lesion are hypointense

35
Q

Why is timing essential when imaging the liver third pass

A

benign lesions seen

36
Q

magnetic susceptiblity

A

ability of external MF to affect the nucleus of an atom or magnetize it

37
Q

relaxivity

A

effect of a substance on its relaxation rate

38
Q

chelate

A

bound to other chemicals

39
Q

perfusion

A

delivery of blood to tissues

40
Q

half life for gadonlinium for pt with normal renal function

A

approx. 2 hours

41
Q

Gd-BOPTA

A

has higher relaxativity than gad

42
Q

initially enhances on post op pt

A

scar

43
Q

enhances after approx 30 minutes on post op pt

A

disc

44
Q

intrinsic

A

T1 time, T2 time, PD of a tissue

45
Q

extrinsic

A

TR, TE, TI, flip angle

46
Q

parameters which can not controlled

A

instrinsic

47
Q

parameters which can be controlled

A

extrinsic

48
Q

sensitivity

A

ability to detect a lesion

49
Q

specificity

A

ability to classify a lesion

50
Q

relaxivity

A

effect of substances on relaxaivity rate

51
Q

chelates

A

affinity for metal ions

52
Q

perfusion

A

delivery of blood

53
Q

chelates

A

binds to sites of the metal ions, increases safety

54
Q

Biological half life of gadolinium

A

less than 2 hours

55
Q

why check for renal insufficiency

A

NSF

Physics (15 decks)

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