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AP Biology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA helicase

A

An enzyme that assists in strand separation at each fork

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2
Q

Structure of DNA

A

Made up of nucleotides, double-helix, DNA makes up chromosomes

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3
Q

Telomerase

A

Prevents chromosome shortening

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4
Q

Which way is DNA replicated?

A

5’ to 3’

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5
Q

DNA is what kind of macromolecule?

A

Nucleic acid

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6
Q

Structure of nucleotide

A

Contain a phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base

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7
Q

Are the two strands of a DNA double helix parallel or anti-parallel?

A

Anti-parallel

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8
Q

Single-stranded binding proteins

A

Binds both of the single strands of parental DNA and prevents them from reforming a double helix

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9
Q

DNA ligase

A

Completes the process of the formation of covalent bonds between adjacent DNA fragments

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10
Q

DNA topoisomerase

A

Alleviates additional coiling ahead of the replication fork caused by DNA helicase

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11
Q

Template strands

A

The two complementary strands of DNA that separate and are used for the synthesis of new strands of DNA

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12
Q

X-ray refraction method

A

The method that Rosalind Franklin used to discover the helical structure of DNA

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13
Q

How is a DNA molecule made?

A

It is formed by the covalent linkage of nucleotides in a linear manner

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14
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

A technique used to separate macromolecules on a gel

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15
Q

Bidirectional replication

A

When DNA replication proceeds outward from the origin in opposite directions

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16
Q

Avery

A

Furthered the experiments of Griffith with DNase, RNase, and Protease to prove that DNA is the genetic material

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17
Q

Significance of 32P and 35S experiment

A

Helped to show that the phage DNA was located within the shell of the phage as opposed the shell itself containing the DNA. Helped to prove that DNA is the genetic material.

18
Q

Telomere

A

A series of repeat sequences at the end of a chromosome

19
Q

Phosphodiester linkage

A

The bonds that hold the backbone of DNA together

20
Q

Senescent cells…

A

Can no longer divide as they have reached their dividing limit

21
Q

Bacteriophages

A

A spider-like virus that infects bacterial cells and injects its DNA into the bacteria after latching on

22
Q

Semi conservative replication of DNA

A

The model of DNA replication that produces DNA molecules with one parental strand and one newly made strand, confirmed by Meselson and Stahl

23
Q

Leading strand

A

A daughter strand made in the same direction that the fork is moving; synthesized as one long continuous molecule

24
Q

Purines

A

Adenine and guanine, double ring structure

25
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

Used X-ray diffraction in order to suggest that DNA had a helical structure

26
Q

Hershey and Chase

A

Further proved that DNA is the genetic material using bacteriophages

27
Q

Origin of replication

A

A site within a chromosome that serves as a starting point for DNA replication

28
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Hold DNA together

29
Q

Gene

A

A unit of heredity that contributes to the characteristics of an organism

30
Q

DNA primase

A

Required if the template strand is bare; makes a complimentary primer that is a short segment of RNA; starts the replication process, proof reads the daughter strand

31
Q

Lagging strand

A

Daughter cell made as a series of small fragments (Okazaki fragments) that are eventually connected to each other to form a continuous strand (in the direction away from the fork)

32
Q

Transformation

A

A term coined by Griffiths that refers to the transformation of one substance into another

33
Q

Chargaff’s rule

A

Says that purines (A and G) always pair with pyrimidines (C and T) because they have different ring structures and by pairing with eachother, it keeps the width of the strand constant

34
Q

Griffith’s experiment

A

His experiments with mice and types S and R bacteria indicated the existence of a biochemical genetic material

35
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine, thymine and uracil; single ring structure

36
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Responsible for covalently linking nucleotides together to form DNA strands

37
Q

Backbone

A

Made up of the phosphate and sugar molecules, negatively charged

38
Q

Base pairing

A

Adenine and thymine form two hydrogen bonds, while cytosine and guanine form three hydrogen bonds

39
Q

DNA replication

A

The process in which original DNA strands are used as templates for the synthesis of new DNA strands

40
Q

Amino acids

A

The building blocks of proteins

41
Q

Watson and Crick

A

Discovered the double helix structure of DNA using ball and stick models, awarded Nobel Prize

AP Biology (4 decks)

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