Chapter 11

Question 1

Obligate parasite

Answer 1

they must spend at least some of their life cycle in or on a host (protazoan that causes malaira)

Question 2

Faculative parasites

Answer 2

normally free living (fungi)

Question 3

Accidental parasites

Answer 3

invade an organism other than their host (ticks on human)`

Question 4

Vectors

Answer 4

agents of transmission (mosquitoes to malaria)

Question 5

Biological vector

Answer 5

a vector in which the parasite goes through part of its life cycle (Mosquito to malaria)

Question 6

Mechanical Vector

Answer 6

a vector in which the parasite DOES NOT go through part of its life cycle (flies that carry paraste eggs, bacteria or viruses from feces to human food are mechanical)

Question 7

Definitive host

Answer 7

Host are classified as definitive hosts if they harbor parasites while it reproduces sexually (mosquito to malaria)

Question 8

Intermediate host

Answer 8

Host are classified as intermediate hosts if they harbor the parasite during some other developmental stage (human to malaria )

Question 9

Reservoir host

Answer 9

are infected organisms that make parasites available for transmission to other hosts

Question 10

Host Specificity

Answer 10

refers to the range of different hosts in which a parasite can mature

Question 11

4 mechanisms parasites have to evade host defense

Answer 11

1. encystment
2. changing surface antigens faster than host can make antibodies
3. cause the host to make antibodies that cannot reacr with the parasites antigens
4. invade host cells, where they are out of reach of host defense mech.

Question 12

Schizogony

Answer 12

multiple fission, in which one cell gives rise to many cells

Question 13

Hermaphrodtic

Answer 13

one organism has both male and female repo systems and are both functional

Question 14

Eutrophication

Answer 14

the process in which autotrophic protists multiply very rapidly in abundent ingoranic nutrients anc form a “bloon” a think layer of organism over a body of water

Question 15

Euglenoids

Answer 15

(Plantlike protists)

usually have a single flagellum and a pigmented eye spot called a stigma

Question 16

Pellicle

Answer 16

possed by euglenoid as an outer membranous cover

Question 17

diatoms

Answer 17

(Plantlike protists)
lack flagella
numerous group and are important as producers in both freshwater and marine environments

Question 18

Dinoflagellates

Answer 18

(Plantlike protists)

-two flagella

Question 19

Oomycota

Answer 19

(Water Mold)

causes mildew

Question 20

Saprophytes

Answer 20

(Slime Mold)

organism that feed on dead or decaying matter

Question 21

Plasmodial slime molds

Answer 21

form a multinucleate amoeboid mass called plasmodium, which moves slowly and phagocytizes dead matter
Fruiting bodies–>sporangia–>Spores

Question 22

Cellular slime molds

Answer 22

produce pseudoplasmodia, fruiting bodies and spores

Question 23

Pseudoplasmodium

Answer 23

slightly motile aggregation of cells.
fruiting bodies–>spores
spores germinate into amoeboid phagocytic cells that divide repeatedly

Question 24

Commensals

Answer 24

(Animal- like protists)

live in or on other organisms without harming them and few are parasites

Question 25

Mastigophorans

Answer 25

(Animal- like protists) have flagella most live in symbiotic relationships {Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Giardia and Trichomonas}

Question 26

Ameboza

Answer 26

(Animal- like protists) move by means of pseudopodia feed mainly on other microorganisms, including other protozoa and small algae {forminiferans and radiolarians}

Question 27

Dientamoeba fragilis

Answer 27

(Animal- like protists) has two nuclei does not form cysts found in 4% of human pop

Question 28

Apicomplexans

Answer 28

(sporozoans) | parasitic and immobile

Question 29

Plasmodium (malaria) life cycle

Answer 29

Sporozoites (salivary glands of the mosquitoes) Merozoites (after 10 days, they emerge into the blood, invade red blood cells) Trophozoites (reproduce asexually, producing many more merozoites which are released into the blood by rupture of red blood cells - some enter sexual reproduction and create gametocytes which are taken up by a mosquito through the blood

Question 30

Ciliates

Answer 30

protozoans have cilia over most of their sufaces TRICHOCYSTS-tentacles that can be used to capture prey or to attach themselves to surfaces -undergo conjugation

Question 31

3 types of tissue flukes

Answer 31

``` FLUKE IS FLATWORM paragonimus westermania (lung fluke) clonorchis sinensis ( liver fluke) fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) ```

Question 32

life cycle of the parasitic fluke

Answer 32

Miracidia -free swimming flukes that hatch in water sporocyts- penetrate a snail or other molluskan host and migrate to the digestive rediae- divide by mitosis cercarie- free swimming, which escape from the mollusk into the water which then burrow through exposed skin and penetrat another host (often arthropod) and encyst as metacercaria

Question 33

Define Scolex

Answer 33

head of the tapeworm

Question 34

define proglottids

Answer 34

body components of the tapeworm that contain mainly reproductive organs of both sexes

Question 35

microfilaria

Answer 35

roundworms that parasitize humans as larvae may also require a mosquito host. These worms enter the human body as immature larvae

Question 36

Arthropod

Answer 36

characterized by joint chitinous exoskeletons, segmented bodies and joint appendages

Question 37

what are the three subgroups (classes0 | of arthropods

Answer 37

arachnids insects crustaceans

Question 38

what causes lyme disease

Answer 38

Borrelia burgdorferi

Question 39

What is the common tick

Answer 39

Dermacentor andesoni | -causes tick paralysis ect.

Question 40

What are mites the vector for | regarding ticks

Answer 40

rickettsial disease scrub typhus Q fever

Question 41

What is the main vector for ruckettsia (that causes typhus and trench fevers)

Answer 41

body louse

Question 42

Accidental parasite

Answer 42

Parasite that invades an organism other than its normal hose

Question 43

Host specificity

Answer 43

Range of different hosts in which a parasite can mature

Question 44

Intermediate Host

Answer 44

Harbors a parasite during any part of its developmental stage EXCEPT the sexual reproduction stage

Question 45

Reservior host

Answer 45

Infected organisms that make parasites available for transmission to other hosts

Question 46

Definitive host

Answer 46

Host that harbors a parasite while it reproduces sexually

Question 47

Obligate parasite

Answer 47

Must spend at least some of its life cycle on or in a host