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Honors Biology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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0
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

The father of genetics

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1
Q

Genetics

A

The scientific study of heredity

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2
Q

What is the male sex structure on a plant?

A

The stamen

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3
Q

What is the female sex structure of a plant?

A

The pistil

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4
Q

Where are the plants’ sperm cells found?

A

The pollen

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5
Q

Fertilization

A

When the male and female reproductive cells join in sexual reproduction.

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6
Q

Self pollination

A

When the sperm cell in the pollen fertilizes the egg cell of the same plant.

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7
Q

True breeding

A

Self pollinating that results in the offspring being identical to their parent.

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8
Q

How is self pollination prevented?

A

Cutting away the pollen-bearing male parts called the stamen.

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9
Q

Cross pollinating

A

Taking pollen grains from one plants and dusting them on another.

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10
Q

What did Mendel’s experiments allow him to do?

A

Cross breed plants with different characteristics and study the results.

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11
Q

Trait

A

A specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another.

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12
Q

What traits did Mendel study?

A

Seed shape, seed color, pod shape, pod color, flower position, flower color, and plant height.

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13
Q

What is significant in how these traits vary with the pea plant species?

A

They each only had two contrasting characteristics.

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14
Q

What did Mendel call the original pair of plants’ generation?

A

P (parental)

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15
Q

True or false: Mendel called the first generation of offspring the F1 generation.

A

True

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16
Q

Hybrids

A

The offspring that result from a cross between parents with different traits.

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17
Q

Factors (genes)

A

Determined biological inheritance.

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18
Q

Alleles

A

Different forms of genes

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19
Q

The Principle of Dominance

A

Some alleles are more dominant while other are recessive. Recessive can only be seen in the absence of dominant alleles.

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20
Q

How did Mendel get his F2 generation?

A

By allowing his F1 generation to self pollinate.

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21
Q

Law of Segregation

A

The alleles segregated from one another during the formation of gametes.

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22
Q

Probability

A

The likelihood that a particular event will occur.

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23
Q

True of false: past outcomes ALWAYS affect future outcomes.

A

False

24
Q

Punnett Square

A

A diagram used to predict the possible outcomes of genetic crosses.

25
Q

Homozygous

A

Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait.

26
Q

Heterozygous

A

Organisms that have two different alleles for a particular trait.

27
Q

Phenotype

A

Describes the physical characteristics

28
Q

Genotype

A

Describes the genetic make up.

29
Q

What did Mendel get in he F2 generation when he did a two-factor cross?

A

He found combinations of the two alleles not found in either parent.

30
Q

Principle of Independent Assortment

A

Genes for the different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes.

31
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Neither allele is dominant over the other. (Red+white=pink)

32
Q

Codominance

A

Both alleles contribute to the phenotype. (Black+white=black with white dots)

33
Q

Multiple alleles

A

Genes have more than two alleles (blood type)

34
Q

Polygenic traits

A

Traits controlled by two or more genes (skin color)

35
Q

True or false: Mendel’s principles can be applied to all organisms.

A

True

36
Q

What else plays a role in determining characteristics?

A

The environment

37
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent.

38
Q

Diploid

A

Cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes. (2N)

39
Q

Haploid

A

Cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes. (N)

40
Q

What cells are haploid?

A

Gametes

41
Q

Meiosis

A

The process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half by separating homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell.

42
Q

What are the 3 main steps in meiosis?

A

Interphase
Meiosis 1
Meiosis 2

43
Q

Interphase 1

A

DNA gets replicated forming duplicate chromosomes.

44
Q

Prophase 1

A

Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad.

45
Q

Crossing over

A

Homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids, producing new combinations of alleles. (Prophase 1)

46
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes.

47
Q

Anaphase 1

A

Chromosomes are pulled toward opposite ends of the cell.

48
Q

Telophase 1 and cytokinesis

A

Nuclear membrane forms and the cell separates into two.

49
Q

True or false: interphase 2 does not exist

A

True

50
Q

Prophase 2

A

Two diploid daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the original cell. No chromosomes replicated.

51
Q

Metaphase 2

A

Chromosomes align in the center of the cell.

52
Q

Anaphase 2

A

Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell.

53
Q

Telophase 2 and cytokinesis

A

4 haploid daughter cells.

54
Q

Polar bodies

A

Three gametes produced but not involved in reproduction. (Disintegrate into body)

55
Q

Thomas Hunt Morgan

A

Questioned why many traits were inherited together.

56
Q

Gene linkage

A

Chromosomes assort independently, not individual genes. Each chromosome is actually a group of linked genes.

57
Q

Name one reason why a cell divides.

A
  • Information overload; too much DNA.

- Exchange of materials or ratio of surface area: volume gets too small.

Honors Biology (3 decks)

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