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Honors Biology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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0
Q

What does the rate at which materials are exchanged through the cell membrane depend on?

A

The surface area

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1
Q

Why do cells divide?

A

Cell division reduces information overload and material exchange issues.

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2
Q

What does the rate at which food and oxygen are used and waste is produced depend on?

A

The volume

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3
Q

True or false: larger cells have a smaller surface area to volume ratio.

A

True

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4
Q

What happens to the surface area and volume of a cell as it grows?

A

The surface area to volume ratio gets smaller.

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5
Q

Why is a larger cell worse than a small cell?

A

The larger cell needs more food and is producing more waste than can be moved across the given surface.

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6
Q

What is cell division?

A

A cell dividing into two “daughter” cells.

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7
Q

True or false: during mitosis, the daughter cells are genetically diverse from the mother cell.

A

False; the “daughter” cells are genetically identical.

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8
Q

Asexual reproduction occurs in most __________ and some __________ organisms.

A

Most- single-called organisms

Some- multi-cellular organisms.

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9
Q

List 2 advantages of rapid reproduction.

A
  1. ) It is quick

2. ) You can easily repopulate a dying species.

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10
Q

What type of reproduction produces genetically diverse organisms?

A

Sexual reproduction.

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11
Q

What is an advantage of asexual reproduction?

A

1.) cells are genetically identical meaning there is no way of evolving.

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12
Q

What is an advantage of sexual reproduction?

A

1.) Species can evolve due to the diverse genes.

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13
Q

What a disadvantage or sexual reproduction?

A
  1. ) you need a mate so it takes longer.

2. ) species cannot reproduce as quickly meaning they have a harder time repopulating an endangered species.

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14
Q

Most animals, plants, and many single-celled organisms produce how?

A

Sexually.

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15
Q

If a mother cell has 16 chromosomes, how many will each daughter cell have?

A

16

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16
Q

What are chromosomes made of?

A

DNA in the form of chromatin wrapped around histone proteins.

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17
Q

True or false: all organisms do not have the same amount of chromosomes.

A

True

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18
Q

When are chromosome visible during the cell cycle? Why?

A

Cell division; the DNA and protein condense and spread through out the nucleus.

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19
Q

What does a chromosome consist of?

A

2 identical “sister” chromatids.

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20
Q

What attaches the chromatids on a chromosome?

A

Centromere

21
Q

Definition of cell cycle.

A

Series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide.

22
Q

What two main phases does the cell cycle consist of?

A

Interphase and M phase.

23
Q

True or false: M phase is longer than interphase.

A

False

24
Q

What 3 phases does interphase consist of?

A

G1 (1st growth phase), S phase (synthesis phase), G2 (2nd growth phase)

25
Q

What happens during G1?

A

Cells do most of their growing (size, making proteins and organelles).

26
Q

What happens during S phase?

A

Chromosomes get replicated, DNA synthesis, and key chromosomal proteins are replicated.

27
Q

What happens during G2?

A

New organelles and molecules are produced.

28
Q

What is the shortest phase in interphase?

A

G2

29
Q

What are the two sub phases in M phase?

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

30
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The splitting of the nucleus.

31
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

The splitting of the cytoplasm.

32
Q

What are the 4 sub phases in mitosis?

Pass me a taco

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

33
Q

What happens during prophase?

A 
Chromatin condenses into chromatin
Centrioles separate (exception: plants)
Spindles form
Nuclear envelope breaks down
34
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Duplicated chromosomes line up at the center of the cell and connect to a spindle fiber.
One old and one new chromosome form a chromatid pair.

35
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Chromosomes split and sister chromatids move toward their respective centriole.

36
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

Chromosomes gather at opposite ends of cell and start to unwind from their condensed form.
Two new nuclear envelopes form.
Cytokinesis begins.

37
Q

True or false: cytokinesis is when the cytoplasm pinches in half.

A

True

38
Q

What happens during cytokinesis in a plant cell?

A

A cell plate divides the beginning cell and a new cell membrane forms as well.

39
Q

What happens during cytokinesis in animal cells?

A

The cell membrane is drawn inward and pinches.

40
Q

True or false: cell growth and division can be regulated.

A

True

41
Q

Definition of contact inhibition.

A

The halting of cell growth because of coming in contact with another cell.

42
Q

What 3 proteins regulate the cell cycle?

A

Cyclins, internal regulators, external regulators.

43
Q

What do cyclins do?

A

They regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells.

44
Q

What do internal regulators do?

A

They respond to events inside the cell. (Ex. Mitosis won’t start until all chromosomes are replicated)

45
Q

What do external regulators do?

A

Respond to events outside the cell (ex. Wound healing)

46
Q

What is cancer?

A

Uncontrolled cell growth.

47
Q

What two types of tumors are there?

A

Benign and malignant.

48
Q

What is a benign tumor?

A

Tumor that does not spread to surrounding tissue.

49
Q

What is a malignant tumor?

A

Tumor that invades and destroys healthy surrounding tissue.

Honors Biology (3 decks)

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