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Microbiology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

contribute by depleting O2

A

Aerobes

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2
Q

oxidize reduced inorganic chemicals to
obtain energy.

A

Chemolithotrophs

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3
Q

use alternative electron acceptor

A

Anaerobes

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4
Q

are group of methane-producing archaea

A

Methanogens

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5
Q

how do Methanogens generate ATP

A

Oxidize H2 gas

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6
Q

what do Methanogens use as a terminal electron acceptor

A

CO2

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7
Q

places where Methanogens are found

A

Sewage, swamps, marine sediments, rice paddies, digestive tracts

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8
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

Anaerobic Chemoorganotrophs

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9
Q

oxidize organic compounds to obtain energy

A

Chemoorganotrophs

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10
Q

what does Anaerobic Chemoorganotrophs produce

A

Produce hydrogen sulfide (rotten-egg smell)

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11
Q

is corrosive to metals

A

H2S

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12
Q

Important in sulfur cycle

A

Anaerobic Chemoorganotrophs

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13
Q

common fermenters

A

Clostridium and Clostridioides

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14
Q

Gram-positive rods that can form endospores

A

clostridia

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15
Q

Common soil inhabitants that live in the anaerobic microenvironments created by aerobes consuming O2

A

clostridia

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16
Q

clostridia endospores tolerate what?

A

O2, heat, drying, chemicals, and irradiation

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17
Q

causes an antibiotic-associated diarrheal disease

A

Clostridioides difficile

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18
Q

Some are normal inhabitants of the intestinal tract of humans and
other animals

A

Clostridium and Clostridioides

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19
Q

produce lactic acid

A

Lactic Acid Bacteria

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20
Q

What kind of environment does Lactic Acid Bacteria

A

aerobic environments

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21
Q

species used to make cheese

A

Lactococcus

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22
Q

inhabit human, animal intestinal tract

A

Enterococcus

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23
Q

rod-shaped, common in mouth, vagina

A

Lactobacillus

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24
Q

Produce propionic acid via fermentation

A

Propionibacterium

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25
Q

Can also ferment lactic acid

A

Propionibacterium

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26
Q

what kind
of aerobe is Propionibacterium

A

Obligate anaerobe

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27
Q

Gram-positive pleomorphic rods

A

Propionibacterium

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28
Q

Use hydrogen sulfide or organic compounds (not water) to
make NADPH - no O2

A

anoxygenic phototrophs

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29
Q

Gram-negative; appear red, orange, or purple

A

Purple Bacteria

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30
Q

Photosynthetic apparatus in cytoplasmic membrane

A

Purple Bacteria

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31
Q

Purple Sulfur Bacteria use what as a source of electrons reducing power

A

H2S

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32
Q

where are Purple Non-Sulfur Bacteria found

A

Moist soils, bogs, paddy fields

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33
Q

Preferentially use organic molecules instead of H2S as source of electrons

A

Purple Non-Sulfur Bacteria

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34
Q

what do Purple Non-Sulfur Bacteria lack

A

Lack gas vesicles

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35
Q

Can grow aerobically in absence of light using chemotrophic metabolism

A

Purple Non-Sulfur Bacteria

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36
Q

Gram-negative; typically green or brownish

A

Green Bacteria

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37
Q

Green Sulfur Bacteria use what as a source of electrons reducing power

A

H2S

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38
Q

what kind of aerobe is Green Sulfur Bacteria

A

Strict anaerobes

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39
Q

Form multicellular arrangements

A

Filamentous Anoxygenic Phototrophic Bacteria

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40
Q

Filamentous Anoxygenic Phototrophic Bacteria use what as source of electrons for reducing power

A

organic compounds

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41
Q

Can grow in dark aerobically using

A

chemotrophic metabolism

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42
Q

Gram-positive endospore-forming rods

A

Heliobacterium

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43
Q

Earliest oxygenic phototrophs

A

Cyanobacteria (aka blue-green algae)

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44
Q

Cyanobacteria (aka blue-green algae) use what as source of electrons for reducing power

A

water

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45
Q

Cyanobacteria (aka blue-green algae) plays an essential role

A

primary producers

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46
Q

Unicellular: cocci, rods, spirals

A

Cyanobacteria

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47
Q

row of cells

A

trichomes

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48
Q

Large numbers can accumulate in freshwater habitat

A

bloom

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49
Q

absorb additional wavelengths

A

phycobiliproteins

50
Q

convert N2 to ammonia

A

Nitrogen fixation

51
Q

cyanobacteria critical ecologically

A

Nitrogen-fixing

52
Q

Anabaena have specialized

A

heterocysts

53
Q

gain energy by oxidizing
reduced inorganic chemicals

A

Aerobic chemolithotrophs

54
Q

is Sulfurs-oxidizing bacteria Gram-negative or positive

A

Gram-negative

55
Q

Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria gets energy from?

A

oxidation of sulfur, sulfur compounds including H2S, thiosulfate (generate sulfuric acid)

56
Q

where are Filamentous Sulfur Oxidizers found

A

sulfur springs, sewage-polluted
waters, surface of marine
and freshwater sediments

57
Q

Some filaments move by

A

gliding motility other are filaments immobile

58
Q

Oxidize metal sulfides, can be used for

A

bioleaching

59
Q

Can produce damaging acid runoff as low as pH 1.0

A

Unicellular Sulfur Oxidizers

60
Q

are nitrifers Gram-negative or positive

A

Gram-negative

61
Q

Oxidize inorganic nitrogen compounds for energy

A

Nitrifiers

62
Q

Can deplete water of O2 if wastes high in ammonium

A

Nitrifiers

63
Q

Two groups of Nitrifiers

A
  1. Ammonium oxidizers
  2. Nitrite oxidizers
64
Q

A few are obligate chemolithotrophs

A

Hydrogen-Oxidizing Bacteria

65
Q

where do Hydrogen-Oxidizing Bacteria live

A

hot springs they are Thermophillic

66
Q

oxidize organic compounds for energy

A

Aerobic chemoorganotrophs

67
Q

Found in soil, dust, skin

A

Obligate Aerobes

68
Q

examples of Obligate Aerobes

69
Q

genus Mycobacterium are acid-fast
bacteria and what kind of aerobe

A

Obligate Aerobes

70
Q

in cell wall prevents Gram-staining

A

Mycolic acid

71
Q

living on dead and decaying matter

A

saprophytes

72
Q

resistant to disinfectants, often resistant to antimicrobial drugs

A

Mycobacterium

73
Q

oxidase positive

A

Pseudomonas

74
Q

Most are strict aerobes; no fermentation

A

Pseudomonas

75
Q

where are Pseudomonas found

A

soil and water

76
Q

Most harmless

A

Pseudomonas

77
Q

Have unusual cell walls

A

Thermus and Deinococcus

78
Q

how does Thermus stain

A

Gram-negative

79
Q

how does Deinococcus stain

A

Gram-positive

80
Q

are Thermus thermophilic

81
Q

are extraordinarily radiation resistant

A

Deinococcus

82
Q

how does Corynebacterium stain

A

Gram-positive

83
Q

is Corynebacterium harmfull or harmless

84
Q

how do Enterobacteriaceae:
enterics or enterobacteria stain

A

Gram-negative

85
Q

Facultative anaerobes that ferment glucose

A

Family Enterobacteriaceae:
enterics or enterobacteria

86
Q

Lactose fermenters

87
Q

where are Family Enterobacteriaceae:
enterics or enterobacteria found

A

In intestinal tract of humans, other animals; some in soil

88
Q

Normal intestinal enterobacteria microbiota

A

Enterobacter, Klebsiella,
Proteus, most E. coli strains

89
Q

Diarrheal disease enterobacteria microbiota

A

Shigella, Salmonella enterica, and some E.
coli strains

90
Q

Life-threatening enterobacteria

A

typhoid fever (Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi)

and

bubonic and pneumonic plague (Yersinia pestis)

91
Q

where are Vibrio found

A

In marine water:

92
Q

what is Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria

A

Aerobic chemolithotrophs

93
Q

what are Nitrifiers

A

Aerobic chemolithotrophs

94
Q

what are Micrococcus

A

Obligate Aerobes

95
Q

what do micrococcus stain

A

Gram-positive

96
Q

what are Mycobacterium

A

Obligate Aerobes

97
Q

what are Pseudomonas

A

Obligate Aerobes

98
Q

what is Thermus

A

Obligate Aerobes

99
Q

what is Deinococcus

A

Obligate Aerobes

100
Q

what are Corynebacterium

A

Facultative Anaerobes

101
Q

organism is an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation if oxygen is absent

A

Facultative Anaerobes

102
Q

is an organism that requires oxygen to grow.

A

Obligate Aerobes

103
Q

organisms, primarily bacteria, that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic compounds (like hydrogen, sulfur, or iron) using oxygen as the final electron acceptor

A

Aerobic chemolithotrophs

104
Q

what are Enterobacteriaceae:
enterics or enterobacteria

A

Facultative Anaerobes

105
Q

what are vibrio

A

Facultative Anaerobes

106
Q

generate methane when they oxidize hydrogen gas as a energy source using CO2 as a terminal electron acceptor

A

methanogens

107
Q

example of archaea extreme halophiles

A

halobacterium
holorubrum
natronobacterium
natronococcus

108
Q

example of archaea thermophilies

A

methanothermus
methanopyrus
pyrodictium
pyrolobus
sulfolobus
thermophilus
picrophilus
nanoarchaeum

109
Q

what are found in salt lakes, soda lakes, brines

A

Extreme Halophiles

110
Q

Extreme Halophiles produce what pigment

A

pink blooms in salt water ponds

111
Q

Some obtain additional energy from light via bacteriorhodopsin,
which pumps protons from cell

A

Chemoheterotrophs

112
Q

Found near volcanic vents and fissures that release sulfurous gases,
other hot vapors

A

Extreme Thermophiles

113
Q

main groups of Extreme Thermophiles

A

Methane-Generating Hyperthermophiles

Sulfur-Reducing Hyperthermophiles

Nanoarchaea

Sulfur Oxidizers

114
Q

what are Sulfur-Reducing Hyperthermophiles

A

Obligate anaerobes

115
Q

Current record holder can grow at 122 degrees Celsius

A

Methane-Generating Hyperthermophiles

116
Q

Oxidize organic compounds, H2; Sulfur as terminal electron
acceptor; generate H2S

A

Sulfur-Reducing Hyperthermophiles

117
Q

One of the smallest prokaryotes on Earth

A

Nanoarchaea

118
Q

Sulfolobus species at surface of acidic sulfur-containing hot springs

A

Sulfur Oxidizers

119
Q

what are Sulfur Oxidizers

A

Obligate aerobes

Microbiology (8 decks)

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