Chapter 1: Overview Flashcards
the study of organisms too small to be seen with human eye
microbiology
another name for microorganisms
microbes
types of microorganisms
bacteria
archaea
eukaryotes
types of eukaryotes
protozoa
algae
fungi
types of prokaryotes
bacteria
archaea
have a nucleus and various membrane-bound organelles
eukaryotic cells
organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles
Prokaryotes
specialtes in microbiology
bacteriology
virology
mycology
parasitology
food microbiology
environmental microbiology
forensic microbiology
identification, classification and characterization of bacteria
bacteriology
structure classification of viruses, infection of cells, interaction with the hosts
virology
taxonomy and biochemistry of fungi, use for medicine, wine, and cheese
mycology
the study of parasites and their interactions with their hosts
parasitology
the study of microbes that inhabits, create and contaminate foods
food micro
the study of microbes in the environment
environmental microbiology
the study of microbes in order to determine the path of an outbreak, the identity of a criminal or the origin of a particular strain of the biological weapon or contagion
forensic microbiology
credited with microbiology
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
Robert Hooke
what was Antony van Leeuwenhoek known for
- made simple magnifying glass
- lake water
- known for animalcules
what was Robert Hooke known for
- micro mushroom [bread mold]
how much does Antony van Leeuwenhoek’s magnifying glass magnify
300 times
are the foundation for all life on earth
microorganisms
how long have microorganisms existed
3.5 billion years
life arises spontaneously from non-living material
theory of spontaneous generation
scientist that didn’t believe in theory of spontaneous generation
Francesco Redi
Louis Pasteur
John Tyndall
who made the worms on the rotting meat experiment
Francesco Redi
suggested that microbes did arise spontaneously
John Needham
contradicted that microbes did arise spontaneously
Father Spallanzani
father of modern microbiology
louis pasteur
filtered air through cotton plug
louis pasteur
proved pasteur correct
John Tyndall
labs with contaminations used broths made from what
hay
heat resistant form of bacteria
endospores
discovered endospores
Ferdinand Cohn
forms to enclose the dna and survives a really long time
endospore
what is the size of bacteria
2 x 10 -6 [um]
what size are viruses compared to bacteria
10-100x smaller than bacteria
principle that microorganisms cause certain diseases
germ theory of disease
places were microbes are on our body
gut
hands
mouth
skin
hair
prevent diseases by competing with pathogens
aid in digestion
normal microbiota or normal flora
early exposure to certain common microbes many help the body distinguished between friendly microbes and pathogens
old friend hypothesis
damage body tissues
pathogens
characterize human microbial communities (using DNA sequencing technology)
human microbiome
total genetic content of a microbial community
microbiome
the microbial community itself
microbiome
a single cooperative unit
superorganism
why do some consider the human body a superorganism
bc microbes interact with the human body and function with the body as a unit
how is oxygen produced
photosynthesis
conversion of N2 gas into useable form of nitrogen
nitrogen fixation
expands scope of microbiome research
national microbiome initiative (nmi)
applications of microbiology
baking
fermentation
biodegradation
antibiotics
ethanol
hydrogen gas
cellulose
biotech
genetic engineering
degrade environmental polluants
biodegradation
using microorganisms to hasten decay of pollutants
bioremediation
Use of microbiological and biochemical techniques to solve practical problems
Biotechnology
Production of medications by certain microorganisms
genetic engineering
Production of plants with desirable qualities
genetic engineering
Introduction of genes into another organism
genetic engineering
things to know about microorganisms
- All cells composed of same chemical elements
- Synthesize cell structures by similar mechanisms
- Replicate DNA
- Degrade foods via metabolic pathways
- Grow very quickly on inexpensive growth media
Cause disease (tissue damages as a results of its growth & products and body’s defense mechanisms
pathogens
what has reduced incidences of the worst diseases
Modern sanitation
vaccination
antimicrobial treatments
a highly contagious viral disease that was eradicated in 1979. It was caused by the variola virus and killed millions of people.
Symptoms:
High fever
Vomiting
Mouth sores
Headache
Backache
Stomach pain
Extreme fatigue and weakness
Rash that starts in the mouth and spreads to the body
Fluid-filled lesions on the skin
smallpox
a bacterial disease that affects humans and other mammals. It’s caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which is found in rodents and their fleas.
Symptoms:
Fever
Chills
Headache
Weakness
Swollen lymph nodes
Coughing up bloody mucus
Chest pain
Shortness of breath
Nausea and vomiting
Dizziness
Plague
is a highly contagious viral disease that can cause paralysis. It’s spread through the fecal-oral route, and can also be transmitted by contaminated food or water.
Symptoms:
Most people don’t have symptoms
Mild symptoms include fever, sore throat, tiredness, nausea, headache, or stomach pain
More severe symptoms include
Paresthesia (feeling of pins and needles in the legs)
Meningitis (infection of the covering of the spinal cord and/or brain)
Muscle spasms or twitching
Muscle weakness progressing to a limp paralysis
polio (poliovirus)
Big infectious diseases
smallpox (varioloa)
plague
polio (poliovirus)
pathogens can become resistant to what
antimicrobial medications
evolution of infectious agents previously unable to infect humans
emerging diseases
has become more common in the
last several decades
Emerging diseases
examples of emerging diseases
- Covid-19 (SARS-CoV-2)
- Congenital Zika syndrome
- Swine flu
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
- Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
- Lyme disease
- Hepatitis C
- Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
- Hemolytic uremic syndrome
(E. coli O157:H7) - Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
- Mad cow disease
- West Nile encephalitis
- Ebola virus
It’s spread through contact with infected blood, bodily fluids, or animals.
Symptoms:
Fever
Headache
Muscle pain
Sore throat
Weakness and fatigue
Vomiting and diarrhea
Abdominal pain
Unexplained bleeding
Rash or blood spots under the skin
Red or bloodshot eyes
Treatment: with supportive care in a hospital. There is also an FDA-approved vaccine for the Zaire strain of the virus.
Transmission: Direct contact with infected blood or bodily fluids. Contact with objects contaminated with infected bodily fluids, like needles. Contact with infected animals, like apes or monkeys. Consuming raw or undercooked wild animal meat, especially monkey meat
Ebola virus
a brain inflammation caused by the virus, which is spread by mosquitoes.
Symptoms: fever, headache, body aches, nausea, skin rash, swollen lymph glands, neck stiffness, muscle weakness, stupor, and disorientation.
Treatment: There is no specific treatment
West Nile encephalitis
is a fatal brain disease that affects cattle. It’s caused by an abnormal protein called a prion that damages the brain and spinal cord.
Symptoms:
Abnormal behavior, such as nervousness or aggression
Difficulty walking or standing up
Weight loss
Decreased milk production
Loss of condition without noticeable loss of appetite
Transmission:
Cattle become infected by eating feed contaminated with prions
BSE is not contagious between cattle
Treatment and prevention:
There is no treatment or vaccine for BSE
Public health measures have been put in place to prevent infected tissues from entering the food chain
Mad cow disease
a rare but potentially deadly lung disease. It’s transmitted through the urine, droppings, or saliva of infected rodents, like mice and rats.
Symptoms:
Fever
Muscle aches, especially in the hips, thighs, back, and shoulders
Headache
Difficulty breathing
Diarrhea
Abdominal pain
Flushing of the face
Redness or inflammation of the eyes
Rash
Diagnosis:
A healthcare provider will ask about recent contact with rodents, camping, or living in wooded areas
They may also check for signs of rodent droppings around your home or workplace
Treatment:
There’s no specific cure for HPS, but early medical care can increase the chance of survival
Severe cases may require extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), which uses a machine to pump blood through and remove carbon dioxide
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
is a rare but serious disease that can occur as a complication of E. coli O157:H7 infection. affects the kidneys and blood clotting system, and can lead to kidney failure, neurologic damage, and death.
Symptoms: Vomiting, Bloody diarrhea, Stomach pain, Fever, Chills, Headache, Fatigue, Fainting, and Bruising.
most common in children under 5 years old and the elderly. It’s the leading cause of acute kidney failure in children in the United States.
destroys red blood cells. E. coli infections can occur from: Eating contaminated food, such as undercooked meat, some produce, or drinking unpasteurized juices or dairy products or Being in contact with cattle and other farm animals or with a person who has the infection
Hemolytic uremic syndrome
(E. coli O157:H7)
the most advanced stage of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. HIV is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system, making it harder to fight off infections and illnesses.
Symptoms:
Fever
Headache
Muscle aches and joint pain
Rash
Sore throat and painful mouth sores
Swollen lymph glands
Diarrhea
Weight loss
Cough
Night sweats
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
a viral infection that affects the liver and can lead to serious health problems. It’s spread through contact with infected blood, such as by sharing needles or receiving an unscreened blood transfusion.
Symptoms:
Fever
Fatigue
Loss of appetite
Nausea and vomiting
Abdominal pain
Dark urine
Yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice)
Treatment
treated with antiviral medications. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent serious liver damage
Hepatitis C
a bacterial infection caused by the bite of an infected tick. It’s most common in the Northeast, mid-Atlantic, and upper-Midwest regions of the United States.
Symptoms:
Fever, headache, and fatigue
A red, painless rash that may spread over time
Muscle aches and joint pain
Stiff neck
Heart palpitations
Dizziness or shortness of breath
Nerve pain
Treatment:
Most people recover completely with a 2- to 4-week course of oral antibiotics
Pain medications may provide symptomatic relief for those who develop syndromes after their infection is treated
Lyme disease
a type of tuberculosis (TB) caused by bacteria that are resistant to multiple TB medicines. caused by bacteria that are resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampin, the two most effective first-line TB drugs.
Causes :
Not taking a full course of TB treatment
Taking the wrong dosage of TB treatment
Widespread resistance to anti-TB medicines
Treatment:
require second-line treatment regimens
These regimens are more complex than those used to treat patients without drug-resistant TB
Directly observed therapy (DOT) is a way to help patients complete treatment
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
is a viral respiratory disease that spreads through the air. It was first identified in 2003 during an outbreak in China
Symptoms Fever: Dry cough, Headache, Muscle aches, and Difficulty breathing.
Transmission: is spread through small droplets of saliva, similar to the cold and influenza. It can also spread indirectly through contact with surfaces touched by an infected person.
Treatment: There is no specific treatment , but supportive care can help.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
is a respiratory disease that affects pigs and humans. It’s caused by type A influenza viruses and is spread through respiratory droplets.
Symptoms in pigs:
Coughing that sounds like barking
Sneezing
High fever
Difficulty breathing
Runny nose
Loss of appetite
Weight loss
Red or inflamed eyes
Symptoms in humans:
fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, chills, fatigue, and diarrhea and vomiting.
Treatment: Rest, Pain relievers, Fluids, and Antivirals (oseltamivir or zanamivir) for severe symptoms.
Risk groups: Young children, Older people, Pregnant women, and People with a compromised immune system.
Swine flu
is a group of birth defects that occur when a pregnant person is infected with the virus. These defects can include microcephaly, eye abnormalities, and problems with the brain, limbs, and muscles.
Symptoms: Microcephaly, Brain abnormalities, Eye abnormalities,
Limb abnormalities, and Other abnormalities: Hearing loss, seizures, irritability, and feeding problems
Congenital Zika syndrome
The virus that causes a respiratory disease called. These viruses can infect people and some animals.
The virus is thought to spread from person to person through droplets released when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. It may also be spread by touching a surface with the virus on it and then touching one’s mouth, nose, or eyes, but this is less common.
Covid-19 (SARS-CoV-2)
diseases that could re-emerge with declining vaccination rates
re-emerging diseases
examples of possible re-emerging diseases
measles
mumps
whooping cough
bacterial species outnumber mammalian species by factor of what
10,000
Largest eukaryotic cells ~a million times what then smallest viruses
larger than
how to name bacteria
Genus and species always italicized or underlined
Members of a species with important minor differences
may be indicated with a
strain designation
types of acellular infectious agents
viruses
viroids
prions
has peptidoglycan in cell wall
bacteria
do not have a membrane-bound nucleus or organelles
Prokaryotes
Genetic material located in a region called the
nucleoid
have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles
Eukaryotes
All living things can be classified into one of three groups, or domains
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eukarya
how do bacteria multiply
binary fission
how do Archaea multiply
binary fission
More complex than prokaryotes
Eukarya
Algae and protozoa also termed
protists
Use organic material for energy.
Fungi
Use sunlight for energy.
Algae
Use organic material for energy. Single-celled microscopic organisms.
Protozoa
Use organic material for energy. Adult worms are typically macroscopic and often quite large, but their eggs and larval forms are microscopic.
Helminths
- Single-celled or multicellular
- Energy from degradation of organic materials
- Primarily live on land
Fungi
- Single-celled or multicellular
- Photosynthetic
- Primarily live in water
- Rigid cell walls
- Many have flagella
Algae
- Single-celled
- Complex, larger than prokaryotes
- Most ingest organic compounds
- No rigid cell wall
- Most motile
Protozoa
Acellular infectious agents
Viruses, viroids, prions
- Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) packaged in protein coat
- Infect living cells, termed hosts
- Inactive outside of hosts: obligate intracellular parasites
viruses
- Simpler than viruses
- Require host cell for replication
- Consist of: single short piece of RNA, No protective protein coat
Cause plant diseases
Viroids
- Infectious proteins
- Misfolded versions of normal cellular proteins
- Misfolded version forces normal version to misfold
Prions
