Chapter 11 Flashcards
What is memory, and how is it modeled in psychology?
Memory is the persistence of learning over time through encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. The information-processing model compares human memory to a computer’s operation, emphasizing encoding (getting information into the brain), storage (retaining it over time), and retrieval (accessing stored information).
Describe the stages in the Atkinson and Shiffrin information-processing model of memory.
- Sensory Memory: Records to-be-remembered information as fleeting sensory impressions.
- Short-Term Memory (STM): Processes information through rehearsal.
- Long-Term Memory (LTM): Stores information for later retrieval
What is working memory, and how does it function?
Working memory is a newer understanding of STM. It actively processes incoming auditory and visual-spatial information and integrates it with information retrieved from LTM. It also facilitates conscious processing and problem-solving.
What are implicit and explicit memories? Provide examples.
Implicit (Nondeclarative) Memory: Retains skills or conditioned associations without conscious effort (e.g., riding a bike).
Explicit (Declarative) Memory: Involves consciously retrieved facts or events (e.g., recalling a historical date)
What strategies improve effortful processing and memory retention?
- Chunking: Grouping information into manageable units.
- Mnemonics: Using vivid imagery or organizational aids.
- Rehearsal: Repeatedly practicing information.
- Making Material Meaningful: Relating information to personal experiences.
What role do the hippocampus and frontal lobes play in memory?
The hippocampus processes explicit memories (facts and events) and aids in memory consolidation, while the frontal lobes store this processed information in a coordinated manner.
What is the role of the cerebellum and basal ganglia in memory?
- Cerebellum: Forms and stores memories associated with classical conditioning.
- Basal Ganglia: Involved in motor movement and helps store memories for skills.
Explain the concept of retrieval cues and their importance.
Retrieval cues are anchor points that help access stored memories, often formed during encoding. They can be context-dependent or state-dependent, facilitating recall based on associated conditions.
What is the serial position effect?
The serial position effect is the tendency to recall the first (primacy effect) and last (recency effect) items in a list better than middle items, due to their distinct positions in memory processing.
Define and differentiate between anterograde and retrograde amnesia.
Anterograde Amnesia: Inability to form new memories.
Retrograde Amnesia: Inability to recall past information.
What is long-term potentiation (LTP), and why is it significant?
LTP is the increase in a synapse’s firing potential following learning. It is considered a physical basis for memory and learning, ensuring memories are retained despite potential neural interference
Describe the misinformation and imagination effects on memory.
Misinformation Effect: Memory distortion due to misleading information.
Imagination Effect: Creating false memories through repeated imagination of non-existent actions or events.
