Chapter 11

Question 1

Community Ecology

Answer 1

The study of interactions between species in communities.
Includes the study of the distribution, structure, abundance, demography, and interactions between coexisting populations.

Question 2

Interactions between Species

Answer 2

Classified by ecologists into:
competition,
predation,
symbioses(parasitism, mutualism, commensalism), 
and facilitation.

Question 3

Competition

Answer 3

Interspecific competition is when different species compete with each other over finite resources.

Species can compete for food, habitat, sunlight, etc.

If 2 species occupy the same niche, one will die.

Question 4

Ecological Niche

Answer 4

The sum of a species’ use of the biotic and abiotic factors in its environment.
It’s a specie way of life.
It’s analogous to a species’ job

Question 5

Ecological niche modeling

Answer 5

Use an algorithm to build a model of the tolerances of a species and find its niche.
Combine the observations of a species with abiotic data.

Question 6

Predation

Answer 6

When one species eats another species.
Predator doesn’t always kill the prey nor always consume the entire living organism.
Herbivory is the eating of plants and algae.

Overlaps with parasitism in the case of parasitoids.

Question 7

Predator Adaptations

Answer 7

Teeth, claws, speed, patience, venom, smell, vision, echolocation, camouflage, social behavior, etc.

Question 8

Anti-predation Adaptations

Answer 8

Mimicry, camouflage, poison, detachable tails, speed, smell, vision, social behavior, thorns etc.

Question 9

Evolutionary Arms Race

Answer 9

A fight between competing sets of co-evolving organisms or genes that develop adaptations and counter-adaptations and counter-adaptations against each other.

Question 10

Co-evolution

Answer 10

The joint evolution of two interacting species, each in response to selection imposed by the other.

Can occur at the species level or the molecular level.
Can occur in predator/prey, host/parasite, and mutualistic relationships.

Question 11

Warning Coloration

Answer 11

Anti-predator adaptation.
Advertising that the potential prey tastes bad or is poisonous.
Can be mimicked by other organisms.

Question 12

Mimicry

Answer 12

The similarity of one species to another conferring an evolutionary advantage to one or both species.

Camouflage is when a species resembles its surroundings.
Can be visual, aural, or olfactory.

Question 13

Symbioses

Answer 13

An ecological relationship between two different species that live together in direct contact.

Symbioses can be bad for one of the species.

Types of symbioses are parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism.

Question 14

Parasitism

Answer 14

A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits at the expense of the other.

Parasite lives either on(ectoparasite) or inside(endoparasite) of the host and feeds on its cell components, tissues, or body fluids.

Question 15

Parasitoids

Answer 15

Lives attached to or within a single host organism in a parasitic relationship, but eventually sterilizes or kills, and sometimes consumes the host.

Question 16

Mutualism

Answer 16

Symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit.

Question 17

Mychorrhiza

Answer 17

A mutualistic association between a fungus and the roots of a vascular plant. (95%)
Sometimes the associations are pathogenic.

Question 18

Commensalism

Answer 18

Symbiotic relationship where one organisms benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped.

Question 19

Demodex

Answer 19

A mite that lives in human hair folicles.
They eat your skin cells and pil.
They mate, lay eggs, defecate, and die in hair follicles.
They crawl out at night.

Question 20

Lichens

Answer 20

Symbiosis between fungi and algae or bacteria.

Associations can be mutualistic, commensal, or parasitic depending on species.

Question 21

Endosymbiotic Theory

Answer 21

Endo=within, sym=together, biosis= living

Several eukaryotic organelles were originally free living microorganisms.

Question 22

Facilitation

Answer 22

An interaction where one species has a positive effect on the survival of another species without the intimate association of a symbiosis.