Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Abiogenesis

A

The study of how life could evolve from inorganic matter. Describes how life could have arose on Earth.

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2
Q

Abiotic

A

Physical rather than biological; not derived from living organisms.

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3
Q

Biotic

A

Produced or caused by living organisms.

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4
Q

Life On Earth

A

Life appeared on Earth 3.5-3.9 billion years ago

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5
Q

Elements in Biology

A
Sulfur
Phosphorous
Oxygen 
Nitrogen
Carbon
Hydrogen
SPONCH
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6
Q

Early Earth

A

Atmosphere was different
Little oxygen, so atmosphere wasn’t oxidizing.
Reducing and contained sulfur, nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen.
Only thing needed is phosphorous.

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7
Q

Urey-Miller Experiment

A

Recreated hypothetical early Earth atmosphere.
Subjected it to artificial lighting.
Make amino acids, nucleotide bases, and energy rich hydrocarbons.

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8
Q

Organic Soup Model

A

Produced simple organic compounds or monomers.
These compounds accumulated and concentrated at various locations and localized sources of energy.
More complex organic polymers developed.

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9
Q

RNA World Hypothesis

A

RNA can store information and catalyze reactions.
RNA can regulate transcription.
RNA can bind substrate and direct transcription.

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10
Q

Phosphoilipids

A

Can form structures called coacervates in water, abiotically.
Make up the cell membrane.

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11
Q

Coacervates

A

Microscopic sphere of lipid molecules held together by hydrophobic forces from a surrounding liquid.
Can form spontaneously.
Are selectively permeable.

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12
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Surrounds the cell.
Made of phospholipid bilayer.
Selectively permeable.

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13
Q

First Life on Earth

A

Only known from fossilized stromatolites 3.5 billion years ago.

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14
Q

Stromatolites

A

Microorganism collects sediment and deposits it around itself.
After a long time this sediment builds up and forms rock.
Can also be produced abiotically.

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15
Q

Ecological Questions

A

Who is where?
Study the distribution of organisms or biodiversity.

What are they doing?
Study nutrient and energy cycling.

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16
Q

Ecology

A

The study of the interaction between organisms and their environment.
Also the study of relationships between organisms.
Includes abiotic factors like weather, climate, seasonality, and geography.
Ecology studies often favor holistic approaches rather than traditional reductionism.

17
Q

Reductionism

A

The idea that a complex system is the sum of its parts.

Naive reductionism: Belief that reductionism leads to a complete understanding of a phenomenon.

18
Q

Holism

A

The idea that a complex system should be seen as a whole and not a sum of its parts.

Naive Holism: Belief that a qualitative and subjective assessment leads to a complete understanding of a phenomenon.

It’s now popular

19
Q

Systems Theory

A

The interdisciplinary study of systems in general with a focus on the interrelatedness of all phenomena.

The goal is to elucidate principles that can be applied to all types of systems at all nesting levels in all fields of research.

20
Q

Systems Biology

A

The study of interactions within biological systems using a more holistic approach.

21
Q

Nested Levels

A

From smallest to largest:
Atoms, molecules, macromolecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, biomes, biosphere.

22
Q

Population

A

A localized group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.

23
Q

Community

A

All of the organisms that inhabit a particular area.

It’s an assemblage of populations of different species that can interact.

24
Q

Biome

A

One of the worlds major ecosystem types

Terrestrial biomes are classified by predominant vegetation and weather.

Aquatic biomes are classified by physical environment.

25
Q

Biosphere

A

The biosphere is the entire portion of earth that is inhabited by life.

it is the sum of all biomes.

26
Q

Microbes Elevation

A

Isolated at an elevation of 41 km.

Microbes have been isolated from 11 km deep in the ocean and 5km deep on land.

27
Q

Population Ecology

A

The study of populations in relation to their environment.

It’s concerned with the density, distribution, size, and age structure of a population.

28
Q

Population Density

A

It’s the number of individuals per unit of area or volume.

Dipersion: Pattern of spacing among individuals withing the boundaries of the population.

29
Q

Population Dynamics

A

Studies changes in the size and age composition of populations, and the biotic and abiotic processes influencing those changes.

Deals with birth and death rates, immigration and emigration, and studies topics such as aging populations or population decline.

30
Q

Emigration and Immigration

A

Emigration is leaving a population.

Immigration is entering a population.

31
Q

Metapopulation

A

A number of linked local populations.

A group of spatially separated populations of the same species which interact at some level.

It’s a population of populations.

32
Q

Population Ecology Methods

A
Counting Organisms.
Estimating the amount of organisms by counting evidence of organisms. 
Estimate life expectancy of individuals.
Estimate reproductive rates.
Study demographics of a population.
33
Q

Demographics

A

The quantifiable statistics of a population.

Used extensively by marketers, advertisers, politicians, and other parasites.

34
Q

Demography

A

The study of the statistics of a population and how they change over time.