Chapter 11 Flashcards
Emotions
Emotions vs moods vs feelings
Emotions: an immediate, specific negative or positive response to environmental events or internal thought.
- Just what you’re feeling in the moment to a certain stimulus.
Moods: Diffuse, long-lasting emotional states that do NOT have an identifiable object or trigger.
Feelings: The subjective experience of the emotion.
- 같은 emotion이더라도 다른 Feelingd을 가질 수 있음
Theories of Motivation
5 theories separate slides
- Instinct theory / evolutionary psychology
- Drive theories
- Incentive Theories
- Psychoanalytic Theories
- Humanistic theories
Instinct theory / Evolutionary theory
Instincts motivate much of our behaviour.
- The adaptive significance of our behaviour is a key to understanding motivation.
- Ex) Need/motivation to get affilitation is to be connect to other human beings (humans need other creatures to survive.
Drive theories + Yerkes-Dodson Law
Suggests that physiological disruptions to homeostasis produce drives, states of internal tension that motivate an organism to behave in ways that reduce this tension.
- Ex) I’m tired –> go to bed
- Ensure our survival and reproduction.
Yerkes-Dodson Law: There is a U-shaped relation between arousal and mood/performane.
- Arousal도 적당해야 good performance를 result 함.
Incentive Theory
Emphasizes the pull of external stimuli and how stimuli with high incentive value can motivate behaviour, even in the absence of biological need
- Ex) getting A+ by pulling all nighter mode even though it’s not good for your biological health, you still do it.
Psychoanalytic theory
Much of our behaviour results from a never ending battle between unconscious impulses struggling for release and psychological defenses used to keep them under control.
- Id = our motivation
- Consciousness = no stop
Expectancy X Value Theory
Motivation = Expectation X Incentive Value
- If one of them is low, the motivation is low.
- Ex) If I train really hard, I will become a world food fighter. Being famous matters to me a lot
Humanistic Theories
2 theories under this
Self-determinination theory: Focuses on 3 fundamental psychological needs:
1. Competence: the need to master new challenges and skills
2. Autonomy: The freedom of choice and action without outside interference. (I choose what I do)
3. Relatedness: The desire to form meaningful bonds with others. (You’re close to people who support what you do).
–> People are truly happy when they have all 3
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: We must satisfy our primary needs before we progress to more complex secondary needs.
- We are motivated to fulfill the lower-level means, and then we move up to the top ones
- Deficiency motivation: something is missing.
- Becoming motivations: becoming the best form of myself
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Each step (but self-actualization is explained later)
- Physiological needs: air, water, food, shelter, clothing, sex
- Safety needs: Personal security, financial security, health, safety against accidents, threats
- Belongingness/Love needs: Sense of belonging, acceptance in social groups & love
- Esteem needs: Self-esteem, self-respect, valued, accepted, recognition for one’s achievements.
- Self-actualization needs: being the best version of you as possible.
3 Types of Motives to Achieve
Need for acievement
- Motive for success vs motive to avoid failure
Type of Goals Set
- Performance goals (Goal is to get a certain grade)
- Mastery goals (Goal is to learn)
Type of mindsets
- Fixed mindset: Believes that intelligence is FIXED (Wants to look smart, sees effort as pointless)
- Growth mindset: Believes that intelligence can GROW (Welcomes challenges, sees effort as crucial to sucess)
Why is obesity gorwing?
5 reasons
Increased abundance of fast food and processed foods
- We evolved to consume as much as possible and it’s easier to do that now.
The widespread consumption of high-sugar, high-calories of drinks
Sharp decline of exercise and activity levels
Increased portion sizes of food and drink
Abundance of highly varied food
What motivates us to eat (or not)
5, but it’s just a summary slide
- Biological Factors
- Environmental Factors
- Social Factors
- Emotional Factors
- Cultural/Cognitive Factors
Biological factors of hunger
There’s 6 ????????????
Growling
- It’s classical conditioning
- SInce we regularly eat our body when hear gorwling feels hungry already,
Hypothalamus
- Ventromedial hypothalamus: tells the body to stop eating
- Lateral hypothalamus: Makes you feel hangrrrrrry
Hunger Hormones
- Grehlin: appetite INCREASER
- Leptin: appetite DECREASER
Set Point
- Value that establishes a range of body fat and muscle mass we tend to maintain
- Our body is against weight loss
Genetic factor
- More than 200 genes have been identified as possible contributors to human obesity
Glucostatic theory
- When our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose.
- Not proven
Environmental factors of hunger
- Unit bias (A tendency to view a unit of food as an appropriate amount
- Proximity & visibility
- Eating with others
- Internal-external theory (people with obesity are motivate to eeat more by external cues than itneral cues.
Emotional Factors of hunger
only 1
Mood changes what you eat
Cultural/COgnitive factors
Culture and the ideal body shapes keep changing
Anorexia Nervosa
DSM criteria
Eating disorder associated with excessive weight loss and the irrational perception that one is overweight.
- Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements leading to a significantly low body weight in the context of age, sex, developmental trajectory, and physical health.
- Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat even though underweight
- Typically see themselves more overweight than they are.
Bulimia Nervosa
Eating disorder associated with a pattern of bingeing followed by purging
- Recurrent episodes of binge eating
- Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviour in order to prevent weight gain.
- Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight.
No intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat
Body Dysmorphic disorder
Eating disorders and body-image distortions among boys and men are increasing .
- Compulsive exercise
- Steroid abuse
3 Components of emotion
- Bodily arousal (physiological component)
- A subjective conscious experience (what we’re thinking)
- Characteristic overt expressions (behavioural component Ex) covering mouth, frowning)
Physiological component for fear
There are 2 ways
Thalamus -> amygdala -> external response
Thalamus -> Cortex -> amygdala -> external response
Cognitive(subjective) component
Emotion is subjective and it really depends on the situation
Behavioural component
Non-verbal expressiveness
What other people see
Facial expression… your whole body….
Discrete emotions theory
Humans experience only a small # of distinct emotions - even if they combine in complex ways.
Emotion display & Evolution
Universality hypothesis
Darwin again…
Universality hypothesis: Emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone.
- Emotoiins are adaptive responses that arise from mechanisms shaped by natural selection.
Why we evolved like this for each emotion?
- Disgust & Fear = for survival
- Aggression / Dominance: = Way of communication & survival
- Smiling = happy happy reduces likelihood of aggression between people
- Sadness/Crying = leading to empathy and support
- Guilt / Embarrassment = noverbal apology as social creatures.
Primary & Secondary Emotions
Primary Emotions: 7 emotions believed by some theorists to be culturally universal.
- Happiness, sadness
- Pride and awe might be included
Secondary Emotions: Reesponse to primary emotions, often shaped by our thoughts, beliefs, and social conditioning
Display rules between cultures/genders
Some cultures don’t exhibit emotions as much as others.
Ex) Japan vs America
- Collectivist vs individualist
Display rules tend to be different for men and women
3 Cognitive Theories of Emotion + common sense approach
Commone sense approach: Stimulus -> feeling -> bodily arousal
James-Lange theory: Stimulus -> bodily arousal -> feeling
Cannon-Bard theory: Stimulus -> thalamus -> feeling & physiological reaction at the same time
Schachter-Singer 2 Factor Theory: Stimulus -> common indistinct physiological reaction -> cortex (interpretation) -> determines the feeling.
Emotion Regulation methods
There’s 5
- Situation Selection
- Situation Modification
- Attentional deployment (Distraction, concentration, rumination)
- Cognitive Change (Positive reappraisal (Finding postiive side out of the negative situation), Downward social comparison (comparing one’s situation with that of a less fortunate person)
- Response Modulation
- Modulation of behavioural responses: suppression of emotional expression or upregulating emotions.
- Modulation of physiological responses (exercise, yoga, drug)
