Chapter 10 Flashcards
Developmental psychology
Define
Attachment
An emotional bonds of affection developed between the infant and the caregiver.
Usually developed between 6 months - 8 monnths
Describe and explain the importance of Harlow’s study of attachment
Attachment is not really about reinforcement of feeding.
It is more about contact comfort
Describe Bowlby’s view of attachment
EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
- We evolved biologically to survive
1. Survival: babies cry, coo, smile to get the parents’ attention.
2. Reproductive fitness: Parents only take care of their children so that the children can pass down their genes.
Understand Ainsworth’s Strange Situation
4 aspects of child’s behaviour
- How much exploring the child does initially with the caregiver
- Child’s reaction to the departure of the caregiver
- WHen the child is with the stranger
- When the caregiver come back
4 Patterns of Attachment
- Secure attachment
- Insecure - Anxious-ambivalent attachment
- Insecure - Avoidant attachment
- Insecure - Disorganized/disoriented attachment
- Confused babies
Explain how and why attachment styles relate to later life
Attachment provides the basis for adult expectations regarding social relationships
- Attachment built in the first 18 months
- Most children under average expectable environment will turn out fine though.
Temperament
A baby’s early personality
- Appears early but largely genetic in origin
Kohlberg’s Stage Theory of Moral Reasoning
- Preconventional
- Conventional
- Postconventional
Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
Assimilation vs Accomodation
Assimilation: adding the new experience into existing schema
Accomodation: modifying/creating new schema for the new experience.
–> Children are always actively learning!
Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
4 stages of cognitive development
Sensorimotor stage (0~2)
- Appearance of symbolic thought.
- Object permanence not there yet
- Deferred imitation not there yet.
- Main sources of knowledge is physical interaction with the world.
Preoperational stage (2~7)
- Difficulties with: conservation, reversibility and hierarchical classification.
- Display: egocentrism, animism
- Theory of mind not there yet but developing
Concrete operational stage (7~11)
- Start to understand everything that they didn’t understand during preoperational stage.
Formal operational stage (12+)
- Logical
- Just complicating the brain
- ABstract thinking
Criticism of Piaget’s theory
- Underestimation of cognitive development (everything happens a bit earlier than what he said.)
- Individual difference in development - it’s not by discrete stages and it’s more of a gradient depending on the individual)
- Environmental influences on timetable
- Culturally biased
- Bro limited his study in his OWN CHILDREN and GRANDCHILDREN
Vygotsky
Scaffolding: the social interaction with the parents and other caregivers tend to structure the learning environment for children.
Object permanence
The understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view.
- Piaget thought children don’t master it until 8~12 months old.
- BUT it is revealed that 5 months infants could display the understand of object permanence.
애기들은 까꿍하면 엄마 눈이 사라진다고 생각함…
Adolescents & Adults cognitive development
Not that important though
Adolescents:
- Decision making brain is still developing
- Get frustrated by how a lot of questiosn and knowledge aren’t black and white.
Adults:
- Many aspects of cognitive function DO decline as people get older :(
- BUT Better decision making and better perform on knowledge tests and stuff.
What are the impacts of TV / media exposure on children & adult?
There is 5
NO TV ALLOWED UNTIL 2
- Greater sex roles identification by children (what they see on TV is very stereotypical
- Leisure activities declines
- Child cognition declines
- Reading fluency declines in grades 2-3
- School yard aggression doubles
4 Dimensions of parenting styles
- Warmth / responsiveness (physical/emotional warmth & support)
- Expectations (Do these parents have high expectations to their kids?)
- Rule clarity / consistency (Are the rules clear and the parents consistently punish the kid?)
- Parent/child communication (Communicating to the kids about their behaviours and why they got punished/rewarded.)
4 Parenting Styles
Permissive: Best friend st. parent
- high warmth, low expectations, low rule consistency, low communication
Authoritarian: Asian mom…
- Low warmth, high expectations, high rule consistency, low communication
Authoritative: Best way
- High warmth, high expectations, high rule consistency, high communication
Neglective: the worst one…
- Low warmth, low expectations, low rule consistency, low communication
Primary aging vs secondary aging
Primary aging: normal, disease free development during adult that occurs for everyone.
Secondary aging: Developmental changes related to disease, lifestyle, and other environmentally induced changes.
- Due to bad health behaviours
Stereotype Embodiment
Stereotypes are embodied whem their assimilation from the surrounding culture leads to self-definitionis that influence functioning and health.
- We get the stereotype from when we’re young and impacts us when we get older.
- It’s different from stereotypes from racism sexism because it’s not like we’ll become Asians if we make fun of asians.
- But we know that we’ll get old and from the stereotypes earned from earlier, we’ll think that “when I get old, I’ll be sick and weak. It’s natural” even though that’s stereotype and secondary aging.
INdividuality and aging
Plasticity and age
Individuality: as indivviuals age, differences between them are magnified as a result of personality, life experiences, physical function, and etc.
Plasticity - capacity is not predetermined or set. At any age, you can get better at something
