Chapter 11-15 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the definition of community?
A
Group of people/aggregate who live in the same area with identified boundaries
2
Q
What is the definition of geopolitical?
A
Sharing geographic boundaries and governing structures
3
Q
What is the definition of phenomenological
A
Sharing, interest, or belief/enter and intrapersonal connections
Church community underserved population
4
Q
What is the definition of communities of solution?
A
Formed by a group of people to address, common interest, beliefs, or needs
5
Q
What is a society nation or international or global communities?
A
Broader general context, shared government(US) global(shared interest in health and safety)
6
Q
What are community assessments used for?
A
Understand who is at risk who may need social support after a traumatic event
7
Q
What do community assessments include?
A
Examination of a specific group of people and their influence
Biologic, psychological, sociology, cultural and environmental influences
8
Q
Is there a specific framework/model or a particular approach to assessing a community?
A
It depends on the type of community to be assessed
9
Q
Who uses framework or combinations of framework together community data
A
 nurses, social workers epidemiologist, genetic counselors
10
Q
 what is the epidemiologic approach to community assessment?
A
Help identify patterns of health and iniquity to assist in determining trends
Describing the health of a population
Determining relationships that can predict health and illness
Developing and testing interventions and power communities to affect change
11
Q
What is the geographical information system
A
Drawing relationships and associations important to community assessment
Visual maps of deficiencies in the USA
12
Q
What is a community report report card?
A
Provide a snapshot of overall health and well-being of the community, using indicators of local social and health trends
Ex.
Health is a community
Safety of the community
Access to healthcare
Economics of the community
13
Q
 public health, nurses community assessments are often what
A
Informal
14
Q
What is the windshield survey?
A
Observation of a community while driving a car or riding public transit to collect data up for community assessment
Often referred to as learning about a community on foot
15
Q
The community as partner framework uses, what kind of approach
A
A systems approach with a focus on partnership to effect change
16
Q
Eight parts of a community are interdependent systems what are they
A
Physical environment
Health and social services
Economy
Transportation
Safety
Politics and government
Communication
Education
Recreation
17
Q
What is the functional health status approach?
A
Evaluates functional health patterns in the community, a deliberate and systemic approach
18
Q
In the functional health status approach what is assessment used as
A
A form of evaluation
19
Q
In a functional health status approach what is pattern represented by
A
Represents a configuration of behaviors
20
Q
In the functional health status approach what is understanding
A
Understanding of the patterns allows insight to help groups, respond to a problem, and how they react to a problem
21
Q
What is the developmental approach?
A
Use of retrospective historical approach to understand, cultural changes over time to provide information for future initiatives
22
Q
What can looking at a past historical report describe
A
Cultural changes within the community or aggregate overtime and helps to plan for the future
23
Q
What is the assets based approach?
A
Identifies community resources and strengths along with the community needs
24
Q
What is the collaborative model?
A
Involves assessment by an interdisciplinary team and members of the community
25
What is Care management?
Coordination of a plan or process to bring health services together as a common hole in a cost efficient way
26
What is case management?
Development and coordination of care for selected client and family
27
What is Home healthcare?
Part of a continuum of care where clients have the opportunity to live and move through experiences of subacute chronic end-of-life care in palliative care
28
The caregiving at home care settings is often manage and directed by who
A registered nurse
29
How is many aspects of care in both geriatric and hospice homes individualized
By using a case management approach
30
The caregiving in a home care setting is what
Interdisciplinary in nature
31
What is interdisciplinary care?
Various members of the healthcare team, not just nurses contribute to their expertise to the client management in the home
32
What is a private/voluntary not for profit type of agency
VNA profit margin reinvested to agency
33
What is a hospital base type of agency?
Profit or nonprofit/health, promotion and prevention
Primary acute ER, chronic care in-house or offsite home
34
What is a proprietary for profit type of agency?
Makes money, local national international chains, home health aids, housekeeping services
35
What is official agencies?
Supported by public money and taxes, those with Little access to other care
36
What are financing home healthcare services reimbursed by?
Local state federal funds private insurance is in private individuals
37
 what is Medicare specific criteria for financing and regulation of home care
Homebound-ability to leave home
Plan of care -lengthy assessment
Skilled needs -physical physiological functional needs by professional
Intermittent needs -skilled care needs for intermittent times days weeks
Medical necessity -reasonable care services
38
What are the standards of care?
Key elements of nursing process
39
What are the standards of professional performance?
Unique standard to help patients and families engage and be consumers of healthcare through empowering education on health, promotion, disease, prevention, and risks and benefits of home care
40
What is telehealth
Form of electronic communication used to deliver
Acute care and specialty consultations
Home Tele nursing
Electronic referrals to specialist and expert health facilities
41
What is an assisted-living living?
 Cassie independent living with public health nurse availability
42
What is home visits to the homeless?
Shelters in street care
43
What is Parrish/Faith community nursing
In-home care negotiated by Faith leader
44
What is the first phase of a home visit?
Initiating the visit
45
What is the second phase of a home visit?
Preparation
Equipment directions personal safety
46
What is the third phase of a home visit?
The in-home visit
Assessing the patient safety also
Assessing for risk of medication error
Assessing for risk of falls
Assessing for risk of abuse and neglect
47
What do you assess in the third phase the in-home visit of a home visit
Assessing the patient safety also
Assessing for risk of medication error
Assessing for risk of falls
Assessing for risk of abuse and neglect
48
What is the fourth phase of a home visit?
Termination of the visit
49
What is the fifth phase of a home visit?
Post visit planning
50
What are the five phases of a home visit?
Initiating the visit
Preparation
The in-home visit
Termination of the visit
Post visit planning
51
Who do the members of the home care team include?
Nurse, patient, family, friends and neighbors
52
What is the culture of a nurse family interaction in home care
What are the cultural patterns/practices/routines to be aware of
53
What do you have to look look for in a nurse family interaction of homecare
What the responses are to difficult situations
What if any disagreements and care?
Agency keep status secure
54
What protects privacy confidentiality insecurity in a nurse family interaction in home care
HIPAA
55
What is contracting in a nurse family interaction in home care
Plan is mutually acceptable to meet goals
56
What are the key chronic conditions in quality improvement and healthcare
Care in the home includes complexity of
Family caregivers need for education regarding disease
Environment, assessing for safety
Nurses attention to consistent assessment and intervention
When to call for help?
“Ask me three questions “
57
What is Family 🏠?
Two or more persons, who share emotional closeness, and identify themselves as a member of the family
They decide who they are, and set boundaries
58
What is the family systems theory?
Interactive members and with their environment and community church, etc.
59
What is the family structural functional theory
Determine family structure in the essential function/basic needs (food structure, additional members, active influenced, socialization, economics, and healthcare, promotion, and protection)
60
What is the family developmental theory?
Lifecycle theory/predictable 18 years old. Get a job education/vocation. Leave home get married have 2.3 kids.
61
Can you predict contemporary family development/stages and time?
No
62
What are changes in family life cycle?
Leaving home
Moving back in
Economics
63
What are changes in family structure?
Single parent families
 blended families
Cohabitating couples and families
Gay and lesbian families
Homeless families
64
What is the family systems nursing FSN?
Conceptual framework to promote family nursing practice
65
How do you view the family in a family systems nursing theory
Is a unit of care
Assess impact of health impact of suffering from illness and family function
Try and understand family relationship interaction
66
In a family nursing theory, what is a structural assessment of
Family 🏠 composition, Extended external connections and context of cultural race, religion, spiritual environment
67
What is the family assessment?
Calgary family assessment model can assist with a visual of genogram and ego math
68
What is a genogram?
Family structure usually two generations
69
What is Eco maps?
Outline of influences of other systems, or groups on the family
70
What is family interventions?
Calgary family interventions, model of cognitive domain, effective domain and behavioral domain
71
What is a cognitive domain?
Changes in the way family perceives health problem
72
What is effective domain?
Harness is feelings and emotions to be able to cope and problem solved
73
What is behavioral domain?
Action/doing to change behaviors to promote healthy coping adjustments, and family functioning
74
What is a family interview? Focus.
Assessments and interventions focus is to enhance, improve and sustain family functioning
Establishment of collaborative partnership, and respect to gain trust
Use of therapeutic conversation, focused on family, strength and resilience
No standard or preplanned interventions
75
In a family interview, there are five leading principles. What are they?
Manners
Therapeutic conversation
Eco maps and genograms
Therapeutic questions
Acknowledging family strengths
76
What is manners in a family interview?
Common courtesy
77
What is therapeutic conversation in a family interview?
Purposeful focus conversation 15 minute interview
78
What is ecomaps in genograms in a family interview?
Invaluable visual
79
What is therapeutic questions in a family interview?
Allow Family 🏠 to identify their expectations
80
What is acknowledging family strengths in a family interview?
Encourage reminded family of their assets enabling Family 🏠 to view the situation differently
81
What is the nurse family partnership program?
Evidence based community health program, focus on maternal child health for the vulnerable, low income, expectant, first time mothers in their newborns
82
 what is a family focused home visiting in a community based nurse family partnership goals
Improve pregnancy outcomes
Improve child, health and development
Improve the economic self-sufficiency of the family
83
What is caregiver burden?
24 seven care
Significant stress
Caregivers may feel trapped, isolated, overwhelmed no one to help them
Family caregivers in need of education and support
84
In a community health, nurses responsibility to the families family assessments require
Flexibility to include key informants, and for the location and timing of the interview
85
In community health, nurses responsibility to the families what must you remember?
Family health practices routines in responses to difficult situations involved from complex environmental and interpersonal interactions
Significant events can put family health at risk
86
The need to prevent and control epidemic of infectious diseases, such as cholera, typhus and influenza, led to
Advances in purifying, drinking water, waste control, plenty full foods, immunization, and drug therapy
87
 what infectious diseases remain in the top 10 causes of death in the US
Influenza + pneumonia
88
Healthy people, 2020 is what
Specific goals to prevent and control, infectious diseases designed to reduce morbidity mortality, and causes associated with infectious diseases
89
What does WHO statistics about aging populations
Middle and low income countries/next year deaths will be due to noncommunicable diseases will rise significantly
90
Why are noncommunicable diseases on the rise?
New pathogenic organisms have emerge
New strains of known organisms have emerged and are more resistant to antibiotics
Infectious disease has emerged as a form of terrorism
91
 what are influences of emerging, and re-emerging infectious diseases
Microbial, adaptation and change
Human suceptability to infection
Climate changing, ecosystems human behavior
Travel, technology industry
Outbreaks of emerging, and re-emerging infections
92
What is the germ theory of disease?
Specific organisms cause specific diseases
93
What is the epidemiologic triad?
What: agent microbe that causes the disease
Who : host, human, or animal, or insect harrowing the infectious agent
Where : environment, external factors, allowing the transmission
94
What is the chain of infection
A portal of exit from the infected person or animal
A means of transmission
A portal of entry to susceptible host
95
Infectious disease may or may not be contagious or communicable for a disease to be communicable or contagious there must be
Epidemiologic triad + the chain of infection
96
What is the agent in the chain of infection
Biological agents, bacteria, viruses fungi
97
What is pathogenicity in the chain of infection
 ability of the infectious agent to produce an infectious disease in a susceptible host
98
What is infectivity of the chain of infection?
Ability of the agent to invade the host and replicate, dependent on the root of entry and host susceptibility
99
What is invasiveness in the chain of infection
Ability of the agent to destroy body cells
100
What is toxicity in the chain of infection
Ability of the agent to produce toxins
101
What is virulence in the chain of infection
Severity of the infectious disease resulting from exposure to the agent
102
For the host in the chain of infection what is portals of entry and exit
Skin eyes, respiratory G.I. genital, vertical transmisson fecal, oral he a indirect contact with infected fecal material
103
What is vertical transmission?
Parent to offspring
104
In the host of the chain of infection, what is the incubation? Period.
Multiplication. An infection occurs exposure to signs and symptoms.
105
What is the incubation period for influenza?
24 to 72 hours after virus enters
106
When is influenza communicable
One day prior to symptoms and 3 to 7 days after symptoms start
107
What is the environment in the chain of infection?
Reservoirs of infectious agents microbes
Humans, animals plants, insects, water, soil
108
Can microbes change
Microbes are adaptable and change for survival and replication
109
What is transmission in the chain of infection
Infectious agent, transmitted from the reservoir to the host
110
What is airborne in the chain of infection?
Small particles, droplet nuclei breathe in
Tb
111
What is direct transmission?
Surface to body contact STDs
112
What does indirect transmission?
Vehicles (inanimate) vectors, (animals, animals and insects)
113
What is droplet transmission?
Contact transmission droplets from sneezing and coughing
114
What is the carrier in the chain of infection Faye
A person or animal who harbor the infectious organism transmits the organism to others, while having no symptoms of the disease
115
What is the incubation period in the chain of infection
Time period between initial contact with the infectious agent, and the appearance of the first signs or symptoms of the disease
116
What is the colonization of the chain of infection Faye
The presence in multiplication of infectious organisms without invading or causing damage to tissue infection, Asian is present and no clinical signs
117
What is a endemic
Infection or infectious agent prevalent with a population or geographic area
118
What is an epidemic?
Referred to as an outbreak, a significant increase in infection, or infectious disease beyond the endemic level significant increases in the number of new cases of disease. Then past experiences would have predicted for that place time or population.
119
What is a pandemic
Infectious disease over country or worldwide
120
How does one establish the existence of an outbreak?
Comparison of the incident of cases with baseline observed rates must be greater than expected level
121
When did smallpox happen?
1977
122
In an outbreak investigation, what is Describing cases by person, place or time
Demographic variable, such as age, sex, occupation, exposure, used to compare the characteristics of those who develop an infection in those who do not
123
In an outbreak investigation, what is a common source outbreak?
From the same origin, same person or vehicle as the reservoir, or means of transmission
124
What is propagated outbreak?
Infection, transmitted from person to person over a long period of time, then a common source
Measles
125
What is secondary infections?
Infection occurring during or after treatment for another infection
126
What was healthcare associated infections previously known as
Nosocomial infection
127
What is the estimated significant morbidity and mortality of healthcare associated infections?
One in every 20 inpatient has an infection related to healthcare
128
What are some examples of healthcare associated infections
UTIs catheter Assoc
SSI surgical site
Bloodstream infections, central lines
Pneumonia
129
What is the foodborne disease?
Involves biologic and non-biological agents microorganisms in their taxes, marine organisms, and their toxins, fungi, and chemical contaminants
Run undercooked foods and animal sources
130
How many people get sick our hospitals lied, and die from foodborne diseases
48 million people yearly get sick 128,000 or hospitalized in 3000 die
131
What are some common foodborne diseases?
Campylobacter infection
Listeria monocytogenes
Non-typhoid salmonella
E. coli
132
What is campylobacter infection from
Leading cause, contaminated, poultry
133
What is listeria monocytogenes from
Safe, food, prep consumption and storage
134
What is nine typhoid salmonella cause
Diarrhea fever abdominal pain for 4 to 7 days
135
What does E. coli cause?
Deadly, fatal, hemolytic, ureic syndrome
Anemia, profuse, bleeding, and renal failure
136
How many people lack safe water services?
884
137
Cholera and diarrhea diseases is the second leading cause of what
Death jn children
138
What is the drinking water outbreak?
Associated with legionella in plumbing systems, in untreated groundwater
139
What is recreational water outbreaks?
Chemical or infectious pathogen exposure, hot tubs, pool, spas, untreated, lakes, and oceans
140
What is among the lead leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the US?
STDs they affect men and women of all backgrounds and economic levels
141
The actual rate of infection of sexually transmitted diseases is what
Maybe choice them reported, rate undiagnosed, or untreated, annual surveillance report captures only a fraction of true burden
142
 for women with sexually transmitted diseases. What do you have to watch out for?
Undetected with no symptoms can cause a long-term health consequences
143
How do you prevent foodborne diseases?
Basics of handling food safely pasteurizing safe shopping storage prep, thawing cooking serving leftovers, and refreezing
144
How do you prevent waterborne diseases?
Community water systems regulated by EPA
145
How do you prevent STDs?
CDC provides an effective system for STD prevention to assist community/public health professionals in a design implementation and evaluation of STD prevention and control programs
146
What some recent, emerging infectious diseases in the last 40 years
Toxic shock syndrome
Legionnaires disease
Aids
Lyme disease
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
E. coli
Strep
Mad cows, disease
Influenza the Spanish flu
Ebola
SARS
The bird flew
The swine flu
Covid
Zika virus
Tuberculosis
West Nile virus
147
What is the US DHHS?
US public health infrastructure that develops policies to protect the nations health
148
What is the CDC?
Major USD,HHS agency that develops guidelines that promote health and quality of life by preventing and controlling diseases, injury, and disabilities
149
What is surveillance?
A continual dynamic method for gathering data about the health of the general public and the purpose of primary prevention illness
150
What are some reemerging vaccine preventable diseases?
Measles
Mumps
Rubella
B
Pertussis, whooping cough
151
What are some antibiotic resistant microorganisms?
CDIFF
TB
GONORRHEA
