Chapter 11

Question 1

Agglutination

Answer 1

Clumping

Question 2

Lysis

Answer 2

Rupturing

Question 3

Compatibility

Answer 3

Suitability to be mixed.

Question 4

Look back

Answer 4

The tracing and testing of blood donors and recipients when a blood product has been determined to be potentially contaminated with a bloodborne pathogen.

Question 5

Autologous Donation

Answer 5

The process by which a person donates blood for his or her own use

Question 6

Bacteremia

Answer 6

Bacteria in the blood

*(Sometimes referred to as blood poisoning although it is not caused by poison.)

Question 7

Septicemia

Answer 7

Microorganisms or their toxins in the blood

*(Sometimes referred to as blood poisoning although it is not caused by poison)

Question 8

Sepsis

Answer 8

Overwhelming, unregulated response by the body to the blood infection that triggers inflammation responses throughout the body that can lead to tissue damage, organ failure, and ☠.

*(Sepsis can lead to septic shock, dangerously low blood pressure and other profound circulatory issues and metabolic abnormalities that substantially increase the likelihood of death.)

Question 9

Fever of Unknown Origin
(FUO)

Answer 9

A persistent fever with no obvious cause, has long been recognized as an indication of septicemia*(microorganisms or their toxins in the blood).

Question 10

Aerobic

Answer 10

With oxygen

Question 11

Anaerobic

Answer 11

Without oxygen

Question 12

Antimicrobial

Answer 12

Active against microbes (antibiotics)

Question 13

Fastidious Antimicrobial Neutralization (FAN)

Answer 13

*bioMerieux

Contains activated charcoal, which helps to neutralize the antibiotic.

*(should be delivered to the lab for processing asap)

Question 14

Antimicrobial Removal Device
(ARD)

Answer 14

Contains a resin that removes antimicrobial from the blood

*( Should be delivered to the lab for processing asap)

Question 15

Postorandial (PP)

Answer 15

After a meal.

Question 16

Glucose Tolerance Test
(GTT)

Answer 16

Used to diagnose problems of carbohydrate metabolism.

*(The major carb in the blood is glucose, the body’s source of energy.)

Question 17

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
(OGTT)

Answer 17

Evaluates the body’s ability to metabolize glucose by monitoring the patients tolerance to high levels of glucose without adverse effects.

Question 18

Hyperglycemia

Answer 18

Blood glucose levels are increased.

Question 19

Hypoglycemia

Answer 19

Blood glucose levels are decreased.

Question 20

Lactose Tolerance Test

Answer 20

Used to determine if a patient lacks the mucosal enzyme lactase that is necessary to convert lactose, (or milk sugar), into glucose and galactose.

Question 21

Paternity test

Answer 21

The test to determine if a man is the biological father of a specific individual

Question 22

Molecular Genetic Testing

Answer 22

Comprehensive list of laboratory tests performed to analyze DNA, RNA, chromosomes, and other biological materials using biochemical, cytogenic, or molecular methods or a combination of these methods.

*determines whether an individual has a certain genetic disease.
*determines if an individual has an increased risk for a certain disease.
* classifies an individuals genetic makeup to determine whether a drug and dosage is suitable for that individual patient.
* examines the whole genome to discover genetic alterations that may cause disease.

Question 23

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
(TDM)

Answer 23

The testing if drug levels in the bloodstream at specific intervals.

*used while adjusting the dosage
*used to avoid drug toxicity
*used in identifying non-compliant patients

Question 24

Peak (maximum) level

Answer 24

Must not exceed toxic levels.

*collected when the highest serum concentration of the drug is anticipated.
*30 min. after IV administration.
*60 min. after intramuscular (IM) administration.
*1-2 hrs after oral intake.

Question 25

Therapeutic Phlebotomy
*(pertaining to treatment)

Answer 25

The withdrawal of large volumes of blood usually measured by the unit (as in blood donation), or approximately 500 mL.

Question 26

Polycythemia

Answer 26

A decrease involving the body’s overproduction of RBC’s (red blood cell), which is detrimental to the patients health and the most common reason for performing therapeutic phlebotomy.

*The patients RBC levels are monitored regularly, usually by a hematocrit test.

Question 27

Polycythemia

Answer 27

A decrease involving the body’s overproduction of RBC’s

Question 28

Hemochromatosis

Answer 28

*Also called Iron overload
A disease characterized by excess iron deposits in the tissues, especially those of the heart, liver, and pancreas.

*The most common type called primary or hereditary hemochromatosis, is caused by a genetic defect in Iron metabolism that causes the body to absorb too much Iron from food.

Question 29

Toxicology

Answer 29

The scientific study of toxis (poisons).

*examines blood, hair, urine, and other body substances for the presence of toxins, which often exist in very min-ute amounts.

Question 30

Forensic

Answer 30

(Involving the use of scientific methods in crime investigations)

Toxicology is concerned with the legal consequences of toxin exposure, both intentional and accidental.

Question 31

Chain of Custody

Answer 31

Requires detailed documentation that tracks the specimen from the time it’s collected until the results are reported.

*used to identify the specimen and the person(s) who obtained and processed it.
*includes time, date and place where the specimen was obtained, along with a signature of the person from whom the specimen was taken.
*Must take place in the presence of a witness, frequently a law enforcement officer.

Question 32

ETOH

Answer 32

Ethanol

Blood alcohol test
*related to treatment or other clinical purposes

Question 33

BAC

Answer 33

Blood Alcohol Content

Also called Blood Alcohol Concentration

*occasionally requested by a law enforcement agency due to traffic accident.

Question 34

Trace Elements

Answer 34

Metals

Including aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, mercury, sodium, and zinc

Question 35

TB

Answer 35

Tuberculosis

Skin test that requires two visits to a Healthcare provider, one to administer the test and the second 48 to 72 hours later to have the results interpreted.

Question 36

TB-GOLD

Answer 36

The QFT-plus
(QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus)

Collected by drawing 1 mL blood into each of four special tubes

*Tubes should be at room temperature at the time of collection.

Question 37

T-Spot

Answer 37

T-Spot TB Test

Collected using a single standard green-top tube following standard phlebotomy specimen collection and mixing procedures.

The specimen can be maintained at room temp for up to 32 hours.

Question 38

POCT

Answer 38

Point of Care Testing

*also known as alternate site testing (AST) or ancillary, bedside, or near-patient testing — brings laboratory testing to the location of the patient.

*Short turnaround time (TAT) for results.

Question 39

ACT

Answer 39

Activated Clotting Time

*(Also called the activated coagulation time) test analyzes activity of the intrinsic coagulation factors and is used to monitor heparin therapy.

Question 40

PT

Answer 40

Prothrombin

*Also called the protime test

Used to monitor wayfarin (Coumadin) therapy.. Provides information on how long it takes for a patients blood to clot.

Question 41

INR

Answer 41

International Normalized Ratio

Standardizes the differences found between the reagents in the various manufacturers’ tests and allows results from different Laboratories and even Laboratories in different countries to be more easily compared.

*can be calculated by entering the patients PT result in the following math formula:
INR = (PTpatient/PTnormal) ^ISI