Chapter 11 Flashcards
Agglutination
Clumping
Lysis
Rupturing
Compatibility
Suitability to be mixed.
Look back
The tracing and testing of blood donors and recipients when a blood product has been determined to be potentially contaminated with a bloodborne pathogen.
Autologous Donation
The process by which a person donates blood for his or her own use
Bacteremia
Bacteria in the blood
*(Sometimes referred to as blood poisoning although it is not caused by poison.)
Septicemia
Microorganisms or their toxins in the blood
*(Sometimes referred to as blood poisoning although it is not caused by poison)
Sepsis
Overwhelming, unregulated response by the body to the blood infection that triggers inflammation responses throughout the body that can lead to tissue damage, organ failure, and ☠.
*(Sepsis can lead to septic shock, dangerously low blood pressure and other profound circulatory issues and metabolic abnormalities that substantially increase the likelihood of death.)
Fever of Unknown Origin
(FUO)
A persistent fever with no obvious cause, has long been recognized as an indication of septicemia*(microorganisms or their toxins in the blood).
Aerobic
With oxygen
Anaerobic
Without oxygen
Antimicrobial
Active against microbes (antibiotics)
Fastidious Antimicrobial Neutralization (FAN)
*bioMerieux
Contains activated charcoal, which helps to neutralize the antibiotic.
*(should be delivered to the lab for processing asap)
Antimicrobial Removal Device
(ARD)
Contains a resin that removes antimicrobial from the blood
*( Should be delivered to the lab for processing asap)
Postorandial (PP)
After a meal.
Glucose Tolerance Test
(GTT)
Used to diagnose problems of carbohydrate metabolism.
*(The major carb in the blood is glucose, the body’s source of energy.)
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
(OGTT)
Evaluates the body’s ability to metabolize glucose by monitoring the patients tolerance to high levels of glucose without adverse effects.
Hyperglycemia
Blood glucose levels are increased.
Hypoglycemia
Blood glucose levels are decreased.
Lactose Tolerance Test
Used to determine if a patient lacks the mucosal enzyme lactase that is necessary to convert lactose, (or milk sugar), into glucose and galactose.
Paternity test
The test to determine if a man is the biological father of a specific individual
Molecular Genetic Testing
Comprehensive list of laboratory tests performed to analyze DNA, RNA, chromosomes, and other biological materials using biochemical, cytogenic, or molecular methods or a combination of these methods.
*determines whether an individual has a certain genetic disease.
*determines if an individual has an increased risk for a certain disease.
* classifies an individuals genetic makeup to determine whether a drug and dosage is suitable for that individual patient.
* examines the whole genome to discover genetic alterations that may cause disease.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
(TDM)
The testing if drug levels in the bloodstream at specific intervals.
*used while adjusting the dosage
*used to avoid drug toxicity
*used in identifying non-compliant patients
Peak (maximum) level
Must not exceed toxic levels.
*collected when the highest serum concentration of the drug is anticipated.
*30 min. after IV administration.
*60 min. after intramuscular (IM) administration.
*1-2 hrs after oral intake.
Therapeutic Phlebotomy
*(pertaining to treatment)
The withdrawal of large volumes of blood usually measured by the unit (as in blood donation), or approximately 500 mL.
Polycythemia
A decrease involving the body’s overproduction of RBC’s (red blood cell), which is detrimental to the patients health and the most common reason for performing therapeutic phlebotomy.
*The patients RBC levels are monitored regularly, usually by a hematocrit test.
Polycythemia
A decrease involving the body’s overproduction of RBC’s
Hemochromatosis
*Also called Iron overload
A disease characterized by excess iron deposits in the tissues, especially those of the heart, liver, and pancreas.
*The most common type called primary or hereditary hemochromatosis, is caused by a genetic defect in Iron metabolism that causes the body to absorb too much Iron from food.
Toxicology
The scientific study of toxis (poisons).
*examines blood, hair, urine, and other body substances for the presence of toxins, which often exist in very min-ute amounts.
Forensic
(Involving the use of scientific methods in crime investigations)
Toxicology is concerned with the legal consequences of toxin exposure, both intentional and accidental.
Chain of Custody
Requires detailed documentation that tracks the specimen from the time it’s collected until the results are reported.
*used to identify the specimen and the person(s) who obtained and processed it.
*includes time, date and place where the specimen was obtained, along with a signature of the person from whom the specimen was taken.
*Must take place in the presence of a witness, frequently a law enforcement officer.
ETOH
Ethanol
Blood alcohol test
*related to treatment or other clinical purposes
BAC
Blood Alcohol Content
Also called Blood Alcohol Concentration
*occasionally requested by a law enforcement agency due to traffic accident.
Trace Elements
Metals
Including aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, mercury, sodium, and zinc
TB
Tuberculosis
Skin test that requires two visits to a Healthcare provider, one to administer the test and the second 48 to 72 hours later to have the results interpreted.
TB-GOLD
The QFT-plus
(QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus)
Collected by drawing 1 mL blood into each of four special tubes
*Tubes should be at room temperature at the time of collection.
T-Spot
T-Spot TB Test
Collected using a single standard green-top tube following standard phlebotomy specimen collection and mixing procedures.
The specimen can be maintained at room temp for up to 32 hours.
POCT
Point of Care Testing
*also known as alternate site testing (AST) or ancillary, bedside, or near-patient testing — brings laboratory testing to the location of the patient.
*Short turnaround time (TAT) for results.
ACT
Activated Clotting Time
*(Also called the activated coagulation time) test analyzes activity of the intrinsic coagulation factors and is used to monitor heparin therapy.
PT
Prothrombin
*Also called the protime test
Used to monitor wayfarin (Coumadin) therapy.. Provides information on how long it takes for a patients blood to clot.
INR
International Normalized Ratio
Standardizes the differences found between the reagents in the various manufacturers’ tests and allows results from different Laboratories and even Laboratories in different countries to be more easily compared.
*can be calculated by entering the patients PT result in the following math formula:
INR = (PTpatient/PTnormal) ^ISI
