Chapter 11

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

Physiological and psychological processes underlying the initiation of behaviors that direct an organism toward a specific goal.

Question 2

Drive

Answer 2

Biological trigger that tells us we may be deprived of something and causes us to seek it.

Question 3

Incentives

Answer 3

Stimuli that we seek to reduce drives.

Question 4

Allostasis

Answer 4

Motivation that’s influenced by current needs and the anticipation of future needs.

Question 5

Hypothalamus

Answer 5

Nuclei found at the bottom surface of the brain.

Regulates motivation and homeostasis

Question 6

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Answer 6

Emotional processing, activated when we eat fatty foods.

Question 7

Orbitofrontal Cortex

Answer 7

Links food waste, and texture with feelings of reward.

Question 8

Unit bias

Answer 8

Assumption that the unit of sale portion size is an appropriate amount to consume.

Question 9

Intrasexual selection

Answer 9

Members of the same sex competing for opportunity to mate with members of the opposite sex.

Question 10

Intersexual selection

Answer 10

Members of one sex selecting a mating partner based on their desirable traits.

Question 11

Psychological influences on human sexual behavior

Answer 11

When the partners have emotional attachment, feeling of insecurity and many other reasons, they could continue to have sex throughout their lifetimes.

Question 12

Biological influences on human sexual behavior

Answer 12

Sexual response cycle: excitement → plateau → orgasm → resolution

Sexual stimulation → Hypothalamus → Pituitary gland → Oxytocin release (may promote bonding between sexual partners)

Question 13

Disorders of eating

Answer 13

Obesity: Food intake exceeds energy expenditure.

Anorexia: Self-starvation, intense fear with weight gain, denial of serious health consequences associated with low weight.

Bulimia: Characterized by periods of food deprivation, binge-eating, and purging, marked by tendency to be impulsive, individuals more likely to enter treatment programs.

Question 14

Disorders of eating and the brain

Answer 14

Women with anorexia –> Negative words about body image –> More activity in amygdala

Women with bulimia –> Overweight pictures –> More activity in medial frontal regions

Women with eating disorders shown images comparing themselves to idealized models demonstrate activation of insula.

Question 15

Cultural influences

Answer 15

Gender roles –> Accepted attitudes and behaviors of males and females in a given society.

Sexual scripts –> set of rules and assumptions about the sexual behaviors of males and females.

Sex guilt –> negative emotional feelings for having violated culturally accepted standards of appropriate sexual behavior.

Question 16

Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs

Answer 16

Self-actualization, aesthetic needs, cognitive needs, esteem needs, love and belongingness, safety needs, physiological needs.

Question 17

Affiliation motivation

Answer 17

Motivation to maintain healthy relationships that involves caring.

Question 18

Terror management theory

Answer 18

Suggests human’s fear of mortality motivates behaviors that preserve self-esteem and our sense of belonging.

Question 19

(Berscheid and Waller) First scientific model of love

Answer 19

Passionate love
Compassionate love

Question 20

Passionate love

Answer 20

Associated with physical and emotional longing for the other person.

Activity in areas of the brain related to physical reward, and the insula

Question 21

Compassionate love

Answer 21

Related to tenderness, and the affection felt when lives are connected with another person.

Influences long-term stability of a relationship.

Question 22

Caudate nucleus

Answer 22

Related to experiencing rewards.

Question 23

Achievement Motivation

Answer 23

Drive to perform at high levels and accomplish significant goals.

Question 24

Approach goals

Answer 24

Enjoyable and pleasant incentives that draws a person to a particular behavior.

Question 25

Avoidance goals

Answer 25

Attempt to avoid an unpleasant outcome.

Question 26

Self-determination theory

Answer 26

An individual’s ability to achieve their goals and achieve psychological well-being is influenced by the degree of control they have over their behavior.

Question 27

3 universal needs

Answer 27

Relatedness: Feeling connected with others.

Autonomy: Feeling of control over your life.

Competence: Satisfaction felt when performing a task at a skill level.

Question 28

Self-efficacy

Answer 28

An individual’s confidence that they can plan and execute a course of action in order to solve a problem.

Question 29

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 29

Performance motive: focused on rewards, avoiding embarrassment, etc.

Meaning losing some degree of autonomy.

Amotivational: having little to no motivation to perform a behavior.

Question 30

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 30

Mastery motive: genuine, internal motivation to perform behaviors, overcome challenges.

Unrelated to potential for reward, outside validation.

Question 31

What’s emotion

Answer 31

3 components:
A subjective thought or experience.

Patterns of neural activity and physical arousal.

An observable behavioral expression.

Question 32

The initial response

Answer 32

Emotion-dependent responses occur in the brain within approx. 150ms of sensing a potential threat.

Amygdala receives sensory input from cortex approx. 200ms after an emotional stimulus appears.

Question 33

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 33

Parasympathetic (“Peace and “rest and digest”)

Sympathetic (“Stress”, “Flight or flight”)

Threatening emotional stimuli trigger brain areas involved in planning movement, as well as several regions of the spinal cord.

Question 34

Emotional regulation

Answer 34

Frontal lobes receive information from the amygdala, and other sensory areas.

Responsible for determining if the instinctive emotional response is appropriate.

Question 35

James large theory of emotion

Answer 35

Our physiological reactions to a stimulus come before the emotional experience.

Question 36

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Answer 36

Brain interprets a situation and generates subjective emotional feelings.

The representations in the brain trigger physiological responses in the body.

Question 37

2 factor theory of emotion

Answer 37

Step 1: Physical arousal

Step 2: Cognitive label 1: “I’m scared” OR
Cognitive label 2: “I’m excited”

Question 38

Evolutionary explanations

Answer 38

Feelings of disgust → Nose scrunching (reducing the airflow in nostrils)

Feelings of fear → Widening of eyes, deep inhalation

Question 39

Culture, display rules, and context

Answer 39

Emotional dialects
○ Variations across cultures in how common emotions are expressed.

Display rules
○ Unwritten expectations regarding when it is appropriate to show certain emotions.

Interpretation of emotional expressions differs across cultures.

Western participants: tend to evaluate emotion of individual figures in a group.

Asian participants: tend to evaluate emotion of individual in relation to the emotions of the whole group.