Chapter 11 & 12 Flashcards
Drive
A state of unrest or irritation that energizes one behavior over another until one of them removed the irritation
Homeostasis
The maintenance of an optimum level of biological conditions within an organism
Allostasis
Defined as maintaining levels of biological conditions that very according to an individual’s needs and circumstances
Incentives
External stimuli that pull us toward certain actions
Intrinsic motivation
Motivation to do an act for its own sake
Extrinsic motivation
Based on the reinforcements and punishments that the act may bring
Hierarchy of needs
In organization from the most insistent needs to the ones that receive attention only when all others are under control
(1) Self-actualization
The need for creative activities to fulfill your potential
Ghrelin
A hormone released when the stomach is empty to stimulate hunger
Glucose
The most abundant sugar in your blood, is an important source of energy for the body and almost the only source for the brain
Insulin
Increases the flow of glucose and several other nutrients into body cells
Glucagon
Stimulates the liver to release stored glucose back into the blood
Leptin
The body’s fat cells release this in amounts proportional to their mass
Arcuate nucleus
Within the hypothalamus, has one set of neurons that receive hunger signals
Obesity
Excessive accumulation of body fat
Anorexia Nervosa
Condition in which someone refuses to eat enough to maintain a stable weight, intensely fears gaining weight, and misperceives his or her body as fatter than it actually is
Bulimia Nervosa
Self deprivation and periods of excessive eating when they feel they have lost their ability to control themselves
Scientific-management approach
Theory X, most employees are lazy, indifferent, and in creative
Human relations approach
Theory Y, employees like variety in their job, a sense of accomplishment, and a sense of responsibility.
Mere measurement effect
Simply estimating your probability of doing some desirable activity increases your probability of that action
Autonomic nervous system
This section of the nervous system that controls the organs such as heart and intestines
Sympathetic nervous system
Arouses the body for vigorous action
Parasympathetic nervous system
Neurons who’s axons extend from the medulla and the lower part of the spinal cord to neuron closures near the organs the parasympathetic nervous system decreases the heart rate and promotes digestion and other non-emergency functions
James-Lange theory
Your interpretation of the stimulus of oaks autonomic changes and sometimes muscle actions. your perception of those changes is the feeling it aspect of your emotion
Pure autonomic failure
An uncommon condition with unknown cause the autonomic nervous system stops regulating the organs
Schachter and Singer’s theory of emotions
The intensity of the physiological state determines the intensity of the emotion, but a cognitive appraisal of the situation identifies the type of emotion
Duchenne smile
Full expression including the muscles around the eyes
Broaden and build hypothesis
A happy mood increases your readiness to explore new ideas and opportunities
Emotional intelligence
Ability to perceive, and imagine, and understand emotions and to use that information in making decisions
Anxiety
An increase in the startle reflex
Polygraph
Lie detector test
Guilty knowledge test
Modified version of the polygraph test, produces more accurate results by asking questions that should be threatening only to someone who knows the facts of a crime that have not been publicized
Frustration aggression hypothesis
The main cause of anger is frustration, and obstacle that stands in the way of doing something or obtaining some expected reinforcer
Positive psychology
The study of the features that enrich life, such as happiness, hope, creativity, courage, spirituality, and responsibility
Subjective well-being
A self evaluation of one’s life as pleasant, interesting, and satisfying
Disgust
A reaction to something that would make you feel contaminated if they got into your mouth
Contempt
A reaction to a violation of community standards
Embarrassment
Mistakes, being the center of attention, and sticky situations
Stress
The nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it. And event or events that are interpreted as threatening to an individual and which elicit physiological and behavioral responses
Cortisol
A hormone which enhances metabolism and increases the supply of sugar and other fuels to the cells
Type A personality
Highly competitive, insisting on winning always. They are impatient, always in a hurry, and often hostile
Type B personality
More easy-going, less hurried, and less hostile
Problem focused coping
People do something to control the situation
Reappraisal
Reinterpreting a situation to make it seem less threatening
Emotion focused coping
People try to control their emotional reaction
Motivation
The process that determines the reinforcement value of an outcome
