Chapter 11

Question 1

What is a personality trait vs type vs state ?

Answer 1

1. Trait: a distinguishable, enduring way in which an individual varies from another (context is important)
2. Type: a constellation of traits that are similar in pattern that make up a person
3. State: a temporary less enduring trait that

Question 2

What are 4 main purposes of personality assessments ?

Answer 2

1. Categorizing different kinds of commitment in relationships
2. Facilitating hiring or demoting in jobs
3. Tracking trait development overtime
4. For diagnostic criteria

Question 3

Describe self-report assessments

Answer 3

• These can be in the format of a diary, journal or an item test where the assessed themself provides information on their self-concept
• These are used to access private or personal information and when the individual is motivated to respond

Question 4

What are 3 collateral report errors?

Answer 4

1. Leniency error: the extent to which the rater ranges in their response
2. Error of central tendency: the tendency to rate everyone near the midpoint of the scale
3. Halo effect: rating the individual in a more favorable way

Question 5

What are 4 ways the structure of an assessment can vary ?

Answer 5

1. The scope: broad vs narrow
2. The method used: can be an interview, a paper+pencil test, behavioral observation etc.
3. The basis: can be theory based or date-driven
4. The degree of structure: can be structured and unambiguous or the opposite

Question 6

What is the data reduction methods ?

Answer 6

works to identify the minimum amount of variables that account for the intercorrelations of an observed behavior

Question 7

What is a criterion group ?

Answer 7

A group of test takers known to possess a specific characteristic who’s test responses serve as the standard for items to be included or not in a test

Question 8

What is the nomothetic vs idiographic approach to scoring ?

Answer 8

1. Nomothetic: Looks at how a small amount of traits can be applied to people universally
2. Idiographic: looks at each individuals unique constellation of traits

Question 9

What is the normative vs ipsative approach to scoring ?

Answer 9

1. Normative: looks at test takers responses relative to the strength of that trait in a larger population
2. Ipsative: looks at the test takers responses relative to other traits possessed by the individual

Question 10

What is acculturation ?

Answer 10

a process by which an individuals thoughts, behaviors or values develop in relation to the collective thoughts, behaviors or values of a specific culture