Chapter 11 Flashcards
1
Q
What is literacy?
A
- use of visual and written forms of communication
- encompasses language skills: academic and cognitive processes, including thinking, memory, problem solving, planning, and execution
- related to other forms of communication
2
Q
Process of reading: basics
A
- decoding (letter-to-sound correspondence) →
- basic understanding (syntax, semantics) →
- interpretation (inferences, context) →
- responding (opinions, questions)
3
Q
Is Reading Aloud the Same as Comprehending?
A
no
4
Q
What Is Phonological Awareness?
A
- necessary for decoding
- knowledge of sounds and syllables and of the sound structures of words
- includes phonemic awareness, the ability to manipulate sounds
- syllabication, phoneme identification, alliteration, rhyming, segmenting, blending
- better phonological awareness = better reading
5
Q
What is Segmentation?
A
- dividing a word into its parts
- part of phonological awareness
6
Q
What is Blending?
A
- creating a word from individual sounds and syllables
- part of phonological awareness
7
Q
Bottom-up processing:
A
- translating written elements into speech
- emphasizes lower-level perceptive and phonemic processes and their influences on higher cognitive functioning
- knowledge of both perceptual differences in letters and grapheme-phoneme correspondence, as well as lexical retrieval, facilitates word recognition and decoding
- can’t account for the whole reading process, like sentences
8
Q
Mature reading: bottom-up or top-down?
A
- both at the same time
- parallel processes, top-down and bottom-up that provide information simultaneously at various levels of analysis
9
Q
Top-down processing:
A
- aka the problem-solving process
- higher cognitive functions (concepts, inferences, levels of meaning) influence the processing
- reader generates hypothesis about the written material based on their knowledge, the content, and the syntactic structures used
- samplings of the reading confirms or doesn’t confirm the hypothesis
- allows reading to be quick; used in adult reading
10
Q
Why is Reading Fluency Important?
A
- rapid and accurate retrieval of orthographic, phonological, and semantic processes leads to effective speed of reading that allows comprehension to occur
- tldr: if you’re fast at the basic recognition stuff, you have more brain energy to understand what you’re reading
11
Q
Fluency: Development of Sight Reading
A
- in the very beginning kids have to sound it all out
- at first a child will learn to recognize high-use words like ‘the’ and use them + the overall text to form hypotheses regarding unknown words
- in other words they use their knowledge of language to help figure out the words, like in speech
- eventually they go straight from visual analysis to word recognition which makes it easier to comprehend what they’re reading
12
Q
Comprehension: The Levels of Literacy: basic, critical, dynamic
A
- at the basic level, a reader is primarily concerned w/ decoding
- above this level is critical literacy–a reader actively interprets, analyzes and synthesizes info and is able to explain the context
- at the highest level is dynamic literacy: a reader is able to relate content to other other knowledge
13
Q
Reading Abilities by Age: 0-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-9, 10+
A
- 0-2: oral language
- 3-4: print awareness, syllables, rhyming
- 5-6: word shapes, letter games, guessing
- 7-9 (alphabetic phase): learning to decode, sound-symbol associations
- 10+ (orthographic phase): comprehension, inference, integrate and analyze texts
14
Q
What is print awareness? When is it acquired by?
A
- knowing the direction print is read across a page and through a book
- being interested in print
- recognizing some letters
- acquired by 3
15
Q
Mature Reading: Basics
A
- language and word knowledge are used to derive an understanding of the text, which is monitored automatically to make sure that it makes sense
- predict the next word/phrase, glance at it to confirm
- printed words processed fast, automatic, below level of consciousness
