Chapter 1 Flashcards
Communication: definition
- The exchange of information, ideas, needs, and desires between two or more people
- Complex, systematic, collaborative, context-bound, a tool for social action
- active process of encoding, transmitting, decoding
Semantics: definition
the meaning of words and word combos
Pragmatics: definition
the way language is used to communicate
-why we say things, the purpose, intent
Phonology: definition
phonemes: rules that govern which ones go where in what order
Morphology: definition
morphemes: rules that govern words, word endings, word beginnings
Syntax: definition
grammar: word order, clause and sentence structure
Components of Language
Form (syntax, morphology, phonology) -the shape or structure Content (semantics) -meaning Use (pragmatics) -intention
Properties of Language
- Language is a Social Tool
- Language is a Rule-Governed System
- Language is Generative
- also it’s reflexive, has displacement, and the symbols are arbitrary
Metalinguistics
The ability of talk about language, analyze it, think about it, judge it, see it as an entity separate from itself
This helps us judge the correctness of what we send and receive
Nonlinguistic Cues
- gestures, body posture, facial expression, eye contact, head and body movement, proxemics
- convey info without language
- dependent on culture
ASHA’s Definition of Language
- Language is a complex and dynamic system of conventional symbols that is used in various mored for thought and communication
- Language evolves within specific historical, social, and cultural contexts
- Rule-Governed as described by 5 parameters: phonologic, morphologic, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic
- Learning and use of it is determined by intervention of biological, cognitive, psychosocial and semantic factors
- Effective use of it requires a broad understanding of human interaction including nonverbal cues, motivation, sociocultural roles
Speech: definition
A verbal or spoken means of communicating
- required precise neuromuscular movements
- planning and executing specific motor sequences
- involves phonemes, voice quality, intonation, rate
Language: definition
A socially shared code for representing concepts via the use of symbols and rules that govern how they’re combined
Pragmatic rules:
Cooperation Principle
Conversational partners cooperate w/ one another
- Four maxims of the cooperation principle:
- -quantity: informativeness of each person’s contribution, not too little or too much
- -quality: truthful, based on evidence
- -relation: should be relevant
- -manner: avoid vagueness, ambiguity, wordiness
Pragmatic rules:
Functionalist model
Sees pragmatics as the organizing principle of language
-phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics sit inside of it in a Venn diagram
Dialect: definition
A language rule system used by an identifiable group of people that varies in some way from an ideal language standard
- not inferior
- Deficit approach: the old way of looking at it, focused on how different it was from one ideal. closer to ideal = better
- Sociolinguistic approach: all dialects are equal
Dialect:
Standard American English
-an idealized form of English that occurs rarely in conversation
Dialect: African American Vernacular English
-the relatively uniform dialect used by african americans in the inner cities of the most large urban areas and the rural South, when speaking casually
English as a Second Language: Transfer
Transfer is incorporation of language features into a nonnative language based on the occurrence of similar features in the native language
English as a Second Language: What clinical considerations do SLPs need to have regarding ESL?
- most SLPs are likely to provide clinical services to children acquiring their home language (L1) and English (L2)
- Phonological development for bilinguals is slightly different but still considered typically developing
- In typically developing bilingual (spanish+eng) 3-year olds:
- -overall lower intelligibility rating
- -more consonant and vowel errors
- -more sound distortions
- -more uncommon error patterns
