Chapter 1

Question 1

Communication: definition

Answer 1

• The exchange of information, ideas, needs, and desires between two or more people
• Complex, systematic, collaborative, context-bound, a tool for social action
• active process of encoding, transmitting, decoding

Question 2

Semantics: definition

Answer 2

the meaning of words and word combos

Question 3

Pragmatics: definition

Answer 3

the way language is used to communicate

-why we say things, the purpose, intent

Question 4

Phonology: definition

Answer 4

phonemes: rules that govern which ones go where in what order

Question 5

Morphology: definition

Answer 5

morphemes: rules that govern words, word endings, word beginnings

Question 6

Syntax: definition

Answer 6

grammar: word order, clause and sentence structure

Question 7

Components of Language

Answer 7

Form (syntax, morphology, phonology)
-the shape or structure
Content (semantics)
-meaning
Use (pragmatics)
-intention

Question 8

Properties of Language

Answer 8

• Language is a Social Tool
• Language is a Rule-Governed System
• Language is Generative
• also it’s reflexive, has displacement, and the symbols are arbitrary

Question 9

Metalinguistics

Answer 9

The ability of talk about language, analyze it, think about it, judge it, see it as an entity separate from itself

This helps us judge the correctness of what we send and receive

Question 10

Nonlinguistic Cues

Answer 10

• gestures, body posture, facial expression, eye contact, head and body movement, proxemics
• convey info without language
• dependent on culture

Question 11

ASHA’s Definition of Language

Answer 11

• Language is a complex and dynamic system of conventional symbols that is used in various mored for thought and communication
• Language evolves within specific historical, social, and cultural contexts
• Rule-Governed as described by 5 parameters: phonologic, morphologic, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic
• Learning and use of it is determined by intervention of biological, cognitive, psychosocial and semantic factors
• Effective use of it requires a broad understanding of human interaction including nonverbal cues, motivation, sociocultural roles

Question 12

Speech: definition

Answer 12

A verbal or spoken means of communicating

• required precise neuromuscular movements
• planning and executing specific motor sequences
• involves phonemes, voice quality, intonation, rate

Question 13

Language: definition

Answer 13

A socially shared code for representing concepts via the use of symbols and rules that govern how they’re combined

Question 14

Pragmatic rules:

Cooperation Principle

Answer 14

Conversational partners cooperate w/ one another

• Four maxims of the cooperation principle:
• -quantity: informativeness of each person’s contribution, not too little or too much
• -quality: truthful, based on evidence
• -relation: should be relevant
• -manner: avoid vagueness, ambiguity, wordiness

Question 15

Pragmatic rules:

Functionalist model

Answer 15

Sees pragmatics as the organizing principle of language

-phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics sit inside of it in a Venn diagram

Question 16

Dialect: definition

Answer 16

A language rule system used by an identifiable group of people that varies in some way from an ideal language standard

• not inferior
• Deficit approach: the old way of looking at it, focused on how different it was from one ideal. closer to ideal = better
• Sociolinguistic approach: all dialects are equal

Question 17

Dialect:

Standard American English

Answer 17

-an idealized form of English that occurs rarely in conversation

Question 18

Dialect: African American Vernacular English

Answer 18

-the relatively uniform dialect used by african americans in the inner cities of the most large urban areas and the rural South, when speaking casually

Question 19

English as a Second Language: Transfer

Answer 19

Transfer is incorporation of language features into a nonnative language based on the occurrence of similar features in the native language

Question 20

English as a Second Language: What clinical considerations do SLPs need to have regarding ESL?

Answer 20

• most SLPs are likely to provide clinical services to children acquiring their home language (L1) and English (L2)
• Phonological development for bilinguals is slightly different but still considered typically developing
• In typically developing bilingual (spanish+eng) 3-year olds:
• -overall lower intelligibility rating
• -more consonant and vowel errors
• -more sound distortions
• -more uncommon error patterns