Chapter 10.2 & 12 Flashcards
cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm, the second stage of cell division
mitosis
division of the nucleus, the first stage of cell division
chromatid
when chromosomes are replicated, it creates two sister chromatids
centromere
an area attaching two sister chromatids, usually near the middle if the chromatids, but occasionally near the ends
interphase
an “in-between” period of growth separating cell division from cell division
cell cycle
the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
prophase
the chromosomes become visible
the first and longest phase of mitosis - can take up to 50% or 60% of the time of mitosis
centrioles
two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm near the nuclear envelope separate and take up positions on opposite ends of the nucleus
spindle
a fanlike microtubule that separates the chromosomes
metaphase
the chromosomes line up along the center of the cell
the second phase of mitosis - only lasts a few minutes
anaphase
the centromeres split and the sister chromatids separate and become individual chromosomes that end up on opposite ends of the cell
the third phase of mitosis
telophase
the chromosomes disperse and the spindle breaks apart, as nuclear envelopes develop around the new chromosomes
the fourth and final phase of mitosis
transformation
when a strain of something can alter another strain
bacteriophage
“bacteria eater”
nucleotides
molecules making up DNA
made up of: deoxyribose, phosphate, and nitrogen-containing base
base pairing
adenine can only pair with thymine
cytosine can only pair with guanine
chromatin
DNA and protein that are that are tightly packed together
histones
the proteins in chromatin
replication
the process of DNA duplicating itself
DNA polymerase
the enzyme involved in joining individual nucleotides to produce DNA
gene
coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within the cell
messenger RNA
the RNA molecules that carry copies of gene instructions
ribosomal RNA
RNA making up ribosomes
transfer RNA
the RNA that transfers the amino acids to where they belong
