chapter 10 word definitions

Question 1

saturated molecule

Answer 1

a molecule that contains only single carbon-carbon bonds

Question 2

unsaturated molecule

Answer 2

a molecule that contains 1 or more double or triple carbon-carbon bonds

Question 3

bond energy

Answer 3

the quantity of energy required to break 1 mole of covalent bonds in the gaseous state and is a measure of bond strength

Question 4

organic chemistry

Answer 4

the study of the compounds of carbon

Question 5

bond strength

Answer 5

the strength of a covalent bond. In general, higher energy bonds have greater bond strength

Question 6

molecular formulas

Answer 6

indicate the number and type of atoms of each element present in a molecule. Does not show how the atoms are arranged.

Question 7

structural formulas

Answer 7

show the locations of atoms relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number and location of covalent bonds.

Question 8

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory

Answer 8

when 4 single bonds are formed around a carbon atom, the pairs of electrons in each bond act as a negatively charged cloud. VSEPR theory determines that these electron pairs will repel each other, so the bonds are as far apart as possible in three dimensions, at an angle to each other of nearly 109.5*. (eg. the structure of methane is described as a tetrahedral shape).

Question 9

semi-structural formula

Answer 9

used to indicate the connections in the structure of a compound without showing the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms.

Question 10

skeletal structure

Answer 10

it is a shorthand version of a structural formula. it’s used to represent complex organic molecules. It only includes carbon-carbon single, double and triple bonds, bonds to functional groups and bonds within functional groups.

Question 11

functional group

Answer 11

an atom or group of atoms that largely determines a molecule’s properties.

Question 12

isomers

Answer 12

molecules that have the same molecular formula, but are arranged differently so have different structural formulas.

Question 13

2 ways the molecule can be changed to form structural isomers:

Answer 13

-change the main chain length
-change the position of any functional groups

Question 14

homologous series

Answer 14

A sequence of compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties in which the members of the series differ by a
-CH2 unit.

Question 15

compounds of the same homologous series have

Answer 15

-similar structures
-similar chemical properties
-the same general formula
-a pattern in their physical properties

Question 16

cyclic molecules

Answer 16

molecules that form rings

Question 17

degree of unsaturation

Answer 17

the number of double bonds or ring structures in an organic molecule. also referred to as the index of hydrogen deficiency (IHD)

Question 18

benzene

Answer 18

an unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon of formula C6H6. The molecules contain a six-carbon ring with delocalised electrons. The carbon-carbon bonds are intermediate between single and double bonds.

Question 19

primary alcohol

Answer 19

the carbon bonded to the -OH group is only bonded to 1 alkyl group

Question 20

secondary alcohol

Answer 20

the carbon bonded to the -OH group is also bonded to 2 alkyl groups

Question 21

tertiary alcohol

Answer 21

the carbon bonded to the -OH group is also bonded to 3 alkyl groups

Question 22

structural isomers

Answer 22

these form when the atoms in molecules with the same molecular formula bond together in different arrangements.