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AP Environmental Science > Chapter 10-Water: Hydrologic Cycle and Human Use > Flashcards

Chapter 10-Water: Hydrologic Cycle and Human Use Flashcards

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0
Q

The degree to which water is pure enough to fulfill the requirements of various uses

A

Water quality

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1
Q

The amount of water available to meet demands

A

Water quantity

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2
Q

Water having a salt concentration below 0.1%; as a result of purification by evaporation, all forms of precipitation are freshwater, as are lakes, rivers, groundwater, and other bodies of water that have a throughflow of water from precipitation

A

Freshwater

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3
Q

Water that contains at least 3% salt (30 parts salt per 1,000 parts water), typical of oceans and seas

A

Saltwater

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4
Q

A mixture of freshwater and saltwater, typically found where rivers enter the ocean

A

Brackish water

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5
Q

Water that contains minerals, especially calcium or magnesium, that cause soap to precipitate, producing a scum, curd, or scale in boilers

A

Hard water

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6
Q

Water that is relatively free of minerals

A

Soft water

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7
Q

Water that contains one or more impurities, making it unsuitable for a desired use

A

Polluted water

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8
Q

Water that has pollutants removed or is rendered harmless

A

Purified water

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9
Q

Water from precipitation that runs off of land surfaces in surges

A

Storm water

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10
Q

Water in vapor form originating from water bodies, the soil, and organisms-the source of water for precipitation. Water vapor

A

Green water

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11
Q

Precipitation, renewable surface water runoff and groundwater recharge-the focus of management and the main source of water for human withdrawals and natural ecosystems. Liquid water

A

Blue water

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12
Q

Also called the hydrologic cycle; the movement of water from points of evaporation, through the atmosphere, through precipitation, and through or over the ground, returning to points of evaporation

A

Water cycle

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13
Q

Water rising to the atmosphere

A

Evaporation

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14
Q

The loss of water vapor as it moves from the soil through green plants and exits through leaf pores, or stomata

A

Transpiration

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15
Q

Formation of liquid water from a gas state

A

Condensation

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16
Q

Release of water from clouds in form of rain, sleet, snow, or hail

A

Precipitation

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17
Q

The amount of water vapor in the air

A

Humidity

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18
Q

The amount of water vapor as a percentage of what the air can hold at a particular temperature. Humidity is usually measures using this

A

Relative humidity

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19
Q

Droplets that form in the atmosphere

A

Fog and clouds

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20
Q

Droplets that form on the cool surfaces of vegetation

A

Dew

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21
Q

Microscopic liquid or solids particles originating from land and water surfaces

A

Aerosols

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22
Q

Occurs when warm air rises, expands and cools (lower pressure)

A

Adiabatic cooling

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23
Q

Occurs when the air descends and is compressed by the higher air pressure in the lower atmosphere

A

Adiabatic warming

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24
Q

The dry region downwind of a mountain range (formation of the severest deserts in the world)

A

Rain shadow

25
Q

Side of the range, the air is deflected upward, causing cooling and high
precipitation

A

Windward

26
Q

Sides of mountain range, formation of deserts

A

Leward

27
Q

Occurs when water is separated from the solutes and particles it contains

A

Purification

28
Q

A system of vertical and horizontal air circulation predominating in tropical and subtropical regions and creating major weather patterns

A

Hadley cell

29
Q

The process in which water soaks into soil as opposed to running off the surface of the soil

A

Infiltration

30
Q

The ratio of the amount of water soaking into the soil to that running off the surface; the ratio is obtained by dividing the first amount by the second

A

Infiltration-runoff ratio

31
Q

The total land area that drains directly or indirectly into a particular stream or river; generally named from the stream or river into which it drains

A

Watershed

32
Q

All bodies of water, lakes, rivers, ponds, and so on that are on Earth’s surface. Contrast with groundwater, which lies below the surface

A

Surface waters

33
Q

Water that clings in small pores, cracks, and spaces against the pull of gravity (e.g., water held in a sponge)

A

Capillary waters

34
Q

The combination of evaporation and transpiration that restores water to the atmosphere

A

Evapotranspiration

35
Q

The process of water seeping downward through cracks and pores in soil or rock

A

Percolation

36
Q

Water that has accumulated in the ground, completely filling and saturating all pores and spaces in rock or soil. Free to move more or less readily, it is the reservoir for springs and wells and is replenished by infiltration of surface water

A

Groundwater

37
Q

The upper surface of groundwater, rising and falling with the amount of groundwater

A

Watertable

38
Q

Layers of porous material through which ground water moves (layers of porous rock)

A

Aquifers

39
Q

The area where water enters an aquifer

A

Recharge area

40
Q

An area where groundwater seeps from the ground. Contrast with a spring, which is a single point from which groundwater exits

A

Seep

41
Q

Natural exits of groundwater to the surface

A

Springs; wells

42
Q

Probably the largest aquifer in the world; supplies irrigation water to one-fifth of the irrigated land in the nation (U.S.A)

A

Ogallala aquifer

43
Q

Bays in which fresh water from a river mixes with seawater; most productive ecosystems on Earth

A

Estuaries

44
Q

The applied water does not return to the water resource (gone from human control) ex: irrigation

A

Consumptive use

45
Q

Remains available to humans (human control) ex: homes and industries (washing and flushing away unwanted materials)

A

Non consumptive use

46
Q

The largest dam in the world; generates as much electricity equal to burning 50 million tons of coal a year; controls flooding of the Yangtze River

A

Three Gorges Dam (China)

47
Q

Flooding, sediment deposition, and loss of functional flood plain

A

Above the dam

48
Q

Loss of normal river flow patterns, loss of river biota, loss of functional floodplain

A

Below the dam

49
Q

A gradual settling of the land; the condition may result from the removal of groundwater or oil, which is frequently instrumental in supporting the overlying rock and soil

A

Land subsidence

50
Q

Results when an underground cavern, drained of its supporting groundwater, suddenly collapses

A

Sinkhole

51
Q

The phenomenon of seawater moving back into aquifers or estuaries. Such intrusion occurs when the normal outflow of freshwater is diverted or removed for use; occurs where the aquifers open up into the ocean

A

Saltwater intrusion/Saltwater encroachment

52
Q

A proposed radical change in managing water supplies intended to make more water available for human use

A

Blue revolution

53
Q

A process that purifies seawater into high-quality drinking water via distillation or microfiltration

A

Desalination

54
Q

Uses computers to control the periodic release of water instead of a continuous flood method (cuts water use in half)

A

Surge flow

55
Q

A network of plastic pipes with pinholes that literally drip water at the base of Each plant (reduces water use by 30 to 70%
while increasing crop yields)

A

Drip irrigation

56
Q

Work like a step exercise machine which enables farmers to irrigate their rice paddies and vegetable fields at a cost of less than $35 a system

A

Treadle pumps

57
Q

Landscaping with desert species that require no additional watering (Phoenix)

A

Xeriscaping

58
Q

The slightly dirtied water from sinks, showers, bathtubs, and laundry tubs, is collected in a holding tank and used for such things as flushing toilets, watering lawns, and washing cars

A

Gray water

59
Q

Another option for reducing water loss in water-stressed regions by importing food or goods that require a great deal of water; this will allow many arid countries to avoid using their own water supplies by importing farm products from regions that have excess freshwater

A

Virtual water

AP Environmental Science (8 decks)

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