chapter 10 vocab Flashcards
passing of traits from parent to offspring
heredity
meiosis
nuclear division of a sex cell
joining of sex cells creating a zygote
fertilization
sex cells
gametes
each plant contains both male and female reproductive structures
self pollinate
when pollen from one plant fertilizes the ovule of a flower on a diff plant
cross pollinating
a plant that receives different genetic info from each parent
hybrid
genetic instructions/ genetic code for a single trait
genotype
the appearance/ expression of the code
phenotype
trait
characteristic of an organism
one set of instructions for inherited traits
gene
Different forms of a gene
alleles
what do we use to represent the dominant allele
capital letters
what do we use to represent the recessive allele
lower case letters
all genes come in…
pairs
both alleles are identical (PP or pp)
HOMOzygous
both alleles are different (Pp)
HETEROzygous
the likelihood that an event will happen; why do we use it
probability we use it to predict genetic outcome
prophase I
pairs of homologous chromosomes
metaphase I
homologous chromosome pair line up in the center of the nucleus
anaphase I
Chromosomes separate and move to the opposite ends of the nucleus
telophase I and cytokinesis I
Chromosomes reach opposite sides of the cell
New nuclear membrane forms
The new nucleus each contains a chromosome with 2 chromatids
The cell divides
prophase II
No replication takes place
Each cell contains one chromosome from the homologous pair
metaphase II
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
anaphase II
Chromatids separate
Move towards the poles (opposite sides of the nucleus)
telophase II and cytokinesis II
Nuclear membrane forms around the chromosome
4 new cells are formed each with half the number of chromosomes
meiosis end prodcuts
4 daughter cells - 23 chromosomes each; create either an egg or sperm cell
t or f traits are passed on from offspring to parents
false its parents to offspring
t of f traits are passed on by genes
true
t or f diff genes control diff traits
true
t or f genes form chromosomes
true
t or f every organism has the same number of chromosomes
false every organism has a SPECIFIC number
t or f body cells have paired chromosomes
true
t or f gametes have paired chromosomes
false they have single sets of chromosomes
time between cell division
cell cycle
contains DNA + proteins: found in nucleus, replicate+divide during cellular reproduction
chromosomes
half a chromosome
chromatid
center location between 2 sister chromatids
centromere
2 sets of chromosomes
homologous chromosomes
division of entire cell
cytokinesis
offspring have the same traits as the parents
true breeding
when the phenotype of the heterozygote is an intermediate between the dominant + recessive traits
incomplete dominance
passed down by an x or y chromosome of another fam member
sex linked disorders
carry the sex genes (x + y)
sex chromosomes
used to trace traits
pedigree
nuclear division of body cells
mitosis
non sex chromosomes
autosome
egg or sperm; contain one set of chromosomes
haploid cells
contain two sets of chromosomes; all cells are this except sex cells
diploid cells
cell division of single cells organisms
binary fission
regrowth of a body part
regeneration
a new organism grows from the body part of a parent organism
budding
law that states traits are given by parent randomly
law 0of segregation
states that separate genes are passed independently from the parent to offspring
law of independent assortment
most common method of determining probability of an event
punnett squares
when the phenotype of a heterozygote expresses both traits
codominance
in pedigrees what does a triangle or circle represent
female
in pedigrees what does a square represent
male
in pedigrees what does a unfilled shape represent
not affected (AA)
in pedigrees what does a filled shape represent
affected (aa)
in pedigrees what does a half filled shape represent
carrier (Aa)
when organisms have desirable traits + are mated with another organism w/ desirable traits
selective breeding
represented by uppercase letter/s, always seen
dominant
represented by lowercase letter, sometimes hidden
recessive
diff between a pure and hybrid
purebred: same genetic info
hybrid: diff genetic info
purpose of a punnett square
determining probability of an event with traits
Binary fission produces 2 identical cells t or f
true
Eukaryotic cells have chromosomes that are found in the __________________ of the cell.
nucleus
The part of the cell that helps move chromosomes away from the middle.
centriole
When a plant has both female and male reproductive structures and can produce offspring, this process
self pollinating
Nuclear membrane forms, 2 nuclei and cleavage furrow are seen, each nuclei has 23 chromosomes in humans
telophase 2
When do the centrioles appear?
prophase
When do the centrioles disappear?
telophase
What is seen during cytokinesis?
chromatin
What type of cell division does prokaryotes go through?
binary fission
somatic cells
body
an individual that has only dominant or recessive genes for a trait is ____ for that trait
pure
examples of incomplete dominance in humans are found in
eye and hair color
t or f Eukaryotic cells have a single, circular DNA and ribosomes.
false
t or f DNA can NOT be seen during cell division.
false
*Which organelle converts the suns energy to chemical energy?
chloroplast
*Which organelle removes digestive waste?
lysosomes
*Which organelles is responsible for what enters and leaves the cell?
cell membrane
