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Biology Form 4 > chapter 10 - transport in humans and animals > Flashcards

chapter 10 - transport in humans and animals Flashcards

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1
Q

what happens when your finger is injured

A

blood will flow from the wound until you apply pressure directly on the wound.

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2
Q

why must blood clot on the wound

A

blood clotting will stop or minimise the loss of blood on the injured

also prevents microorganisms from entering the bloodstream

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3
Q

what is the mechanism of blood clotting

A

fibrinogen –> prothrombin –> the coagulated platelets, damaged cells and clotting factors in the blood plasma will form an activator (thrombokinase). Thrombokinase, with the aid of calcium ions and vitamin K, converts prothrombin to thrombin. –> thrombin (thrombin catalyses the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin) –> fibrin (a threadlike protein fibre that forms a network on the wound surface to trap erythrocytes and to close the wound to prevent blood loss.

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4
Q

Name examples of health issues related to blood clotting

A

haemophilia
thrombosis
embolism

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5
Q

what are the importance of blood clotting

A
  • minimise loss of blood
  • prevent microorganism from entering the bloodstream
  • maintain the blood pressure
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6
Q

what does mechanism of blood clotting involve

A

series of chemical reaction

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7
Q

how is heparin used

A

to prevent blood clot

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8
Q

what is the antigen and antibody produced in blood group A

A

antigen a

anti-B

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9
Q

what is that antigen and antibody produced in blood group B

A

Antigen B

anti-A

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10
Q

what is the antigen and antibody produced in blood group AB

A

Antigen A and B

No

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11
Q

What is the antigen and antibody produced in blood group O

A

No

Anti-A and Anti-B

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12
Q

Which group can blood group A donate to

A

group A and AB only

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13
Q

which group can blood group B donate to

A

B and AB only

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14
Q

which group can blood group AB donate to

A

AB only

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15
Q

which group can blood group O donate to

A

A, B, AB, O

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16
Q

what is rhesus factor

A

another antigen found on the surface of the red blood cells (ada antigen D or no)

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17
Q

what happens when the blood of a Rh positive donor mixes with the blood of a Rh negative recipient

A

they will react by producing Rhesus antibody or anti-D antibody

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18
Q

what will happen if the patient receive another dose of Rh positive blood

A

this will cause in the agglutination of the donor blood cells.

which can result in death

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19
Q

name examples of health issues related to blood clottign

A

haemophilia
thrombosis
embolism

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20
Q

give three points about haemophilia

A
  • an example of an illness that prevents blood from clotting
  • is an hereditary illness caused by certain lack of clotting factors in the blood
  • excessive bleeding due to small wounds or bruises can result in death
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21
Q

give 2 points about thrombosis

A
  • formation of blood clots (thrombus) (local blood clot)
  • thrombosis happens as a result of:
    damage in blood vessels,
    sluggish blood flow that causes clotting factors to accumulate
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22
Q

give 2 points about embolism

A

when a blood clot is transferred by blood flow, the blood clot is called embolus

if embolus gets stuck in a tiny blood vessel, the blood flow will stop

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23
Q

which group can blood group A receive to

A

A and O only

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24
Q

which group can blood group B receive to

A

B and O only

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25
Q

which group can blood group AB receive to

A

A, B, AB, O (all)

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26
Q

which group can blood group O receive to

A

O only

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27
Q

In what circumstance does Rhesus factor affects pregnancy

A

when an Rh negative mother marries an Rh positive father and conceives an Rh positive foetus

28
Q

what happens during last month of pregnancy for (rhesus factor baby)

4m

A

fragments of foetal blood cells containing antigen D cross the placenta and enters the blood circulation of the mother

  • the white blood cells in the mothers blood will react and produce anti D antibodies that will flow back into the foetal blood circulatory system
  • the antibodies will destroy the red blood cells of the Rh positive baby before and immediately after birth
  • however the concentration of antibodies produced is not enough to affect the first child. But the anti-D antibodies will last in the blood circulatory system of the mother
29
Q

what happens to the second child (rhesus factor baby)

4m

A
  • the second problem arises when the second child is also Rh positive
  • the anti D in the mothers blood go across the placenta and destroy the red blood cells of the foetus
  • the symptoms of this disease are called erythroblastosis fetalis
  • the second foetus will die if the blood is not replaced with Rh-negative blood through blood transfusion
30
Q

What happens in a less serious situation (rhesus factor baby)

A

the baby may suffer from anaemia and mental retardation

31
Q

how can the rhesus factor baby problem be addressed

A

treat the mother will anti Rhesus globulins after the first pregnancy to stop the formation of anti-D antibodies

32
Q

name examples of cardiovascular diseases

A 
atherosclerosis
arteriosclerosis
angina
hypertension
myocardial infarction
stroke
33
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

is the formation and deposition of plaque on the artery walls

34
Q

how are plaques formed

A

through cholesterol
lipid
dead muscle tissues
coagulated platelets

35
Q

what will the plaque do in atherosclerosis

A

the plaque will clog and narrow the lumen in blood vessels

36
Q

what causes hypertension

A

restricted blood flow

37
Q

what does hypertension do

A

causes fine arteries to break and the patient can suffer from stroke if this happens to the brain

38
Q

what causes stroke

A

blood clots (thrombus) that clogs the flow of blood to the brain

39
Q

what is the early stage of arteriosclerosis

A

atherosclerosis

40
Q

how does arteriosclerosis occur

A

it occurs when calcium is deposited on the plaque and causes the artery to become hard and lose its elasticity

41
Q

what is the cause of angina

A

if lumen of the coronary artery is narrowed, the insufficient oxygen supply to the heart muscle can cause angina (severe chest pain)

42
Q

what happens when the artery is completely clogged

A

myocardial infarction will occur

43
Q

what is myocardial infarction

A

heart attack

44
Q

what are the treatments for heart failure

A

surgery

coronary bypass

45
Q

explain how strokes happen

A

stroke will occur when a blood clot clogs the flow of blood to the brain

46
Q

what are the factors that contribute to an individuals risk to getting cardiovascular disease

A

A diet rich in lipids and low in fibre, lack of exercise,

obesity and smoking.

47
Q

explain how atherosclerosis happens

A

• Plaque is formed and deposited on the arterial
walls.
• Plaque consists of cholesterol, lipids, fibrous
connective tissues, dead muscle tissues and
clumped platelets.
• The plaque clogs and narrows the blood vessel’s
lumen.
• Atherosclerosis is the early stage of
arteriosclerosis.

48
Q

what is the heart made up of

A

cardiac muscles that intersect and are connected with one another

49
Q

what does the arrangement of cardiac muscles do to the heart

A

this arrangement allows electric impulses to spread rapidly through the heart and at the same time, stimulates the cardiac muscle cells to contract simultaneously and uniformly

50
Q

(cardiac muscles are myogenic)

what does it mean???

A

this means that the heart contracts and relaxes without receiving any impulse signal from the nervous system.

51
Q

what happens if the cardiac muscles are stored in a warm oxygenated solution that contain nutrients

A

the muscles will contract and relax on their own

52
Q

draw the diagram of the heart and label the stuff

A

–

53
Q

what initiates the contraction of the heart

A

the pacemaker

54
Q

what is the pacemaker

A

the pacemaker is a group of specific heart muscle cells that initiates the rate of heart contraction and is located at the right atrium

55
Q

what does the pacemaker do

A

the pacemaker generates electrical impulses that spread rapidly through both walls of the atrium and causes the atrium to contract rhythmically

56
Q

what is the main pacemaker called

A

sinoatrial node

57
Q

explain the flow chart for the pumping of the heart

4m

A

the SA generates electrical impulses

electrical impulses spread rapidly in both the atria to contract simultaneously

the electrical impulses reach the atrioventricular node. the electrical impulses spread through the bundle of Hism abd Purkinje fibres up to the apex of the heart

the electrical impulses spread from the apex of the heart to the whole ventricle wall. As a result, the ventricles contract to pump blood out to the lungs and body.

58
Q

what causes the lub sound in heart

A

it is produced when bicuspid valve close

59
Q

what causes the dub sound in heart

A

it is produced when the semilunar valves close

60
Q

how is blood flow assisted in veins

A

it is assisted by:
contraction of smooth muscles found is venule and vein walls

contraction of skeletal muscles around the veins. The contraction of skeletal muscles presses and constricts the veins, causing the valve to open and allow blood to flow towards the heart. The valve is then closed to prevent the blood from flowing back towards the foot.

61
Q

what are the three main components of the human circulatory system

A

blood
heart
blood vessels

62
Q

what is blood

A

blood is a connective tissue that is made up of blood plasma, blood cells and platelets.

63
Q

what is blood used for

A

blood is used as a medium of transportation

64
Q

what is heart

A

heart functions as a muscular pump that circulates blood to the whole body

65
Q

explain blood vessels

A

blood vessels consist of arteries, capillaries, and veins that are connected to the heart, and transport blood to all the body tissues

66
Q

explain why the subsequent pregnancies are miscarried
(rh baby thing)

(3m)

A 
father rh positive
red blood cell antigen d
mother produce anti d
stimulate more
anti destroy placenta
destroy placenta through erythroblastosis

Biology Form 4 (12 decks)

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