Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology Form 4 > chapter 10 - transport in humans and animals > Flashcards

chapter 10 - transport in humans and animals Flashcards

1
Q

what happens when your finger is injured

A

blood will flow from the wound until you apply pressure directly on the wound.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

why must blood clot on the wound

A

blood clotting will stop or minimise the loss of blood on the injured

also prevents microorganisms from entering the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the mechanism of blood clotting

A

fibrinogen –> prothrombin –> the coagulated platelets, damaged cells and clotting factors in the blood plasma will form an activator (thrombokinase). Thrombokinase, with the aid of calcium ions and vitamin K, converts prothrombin to thrombin. –> thrombin (thrombin catalyses the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin) –> fibrin (a threadlike protein fibre that forms a network on the wound surface to trap erythrocytes and to close the wound to prevent blood loss.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name examples of health issues related to blood clotting

A

haemophilia
thrombosis
embolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the importance of blood clotting

A
  • minimise loss of blood
  • prevent microorganism from entering the bloodstream
  • maintain the blood pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does mechanism of blood clotting involve

A

series of chemical reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how is heparin used

A

to prevent blood clot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the antigen and antibody produced in blood group A

A

antigen a

anti-B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is that antigen and antibody produced in blood group B

A

Antigen B

anti-A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the antigen and antibody produced in blood group AB

A

Antigen A and B

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the antigen and antibody produced in blood group O

A

No

Anti-A and Anti-B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which group can blood group A donate to

A

group A and AB only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

which group can blood group B donate to

A

B and AB only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

which group can blood group AB donate to

A

AB only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

which group can blood group O donate to

A

A, B, AB, O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is rhesus factor

A

another antigen found on the surface of the red blood cells (ada antigen D or no)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what happens when the blood of a Rh positive donor mixes with the blood of a Rh negative recipient

A

they will react by producing Rhesus antibody or anti-D antibody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what will happen if the patient receive another dose of Rh positive blood

A

this will cause in the agglutination of the donor blood cells.

which can result in death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

name examples of health issues related to blood clottign

A

haemophilia
thrombosis
embolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

give three points about haemophilia

A
  • an example of an illness that prevents blood from clotting
  • is an hereditary illness caused by certain lack of clotting factors in the blood
  • excessive bleeding due to small wounds or bruises can result in death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

give 2 points about thrombosis

A
  • formation of blood clots (thrombus) (local blood clot)
  • thrombosis happens as a result of:
    damage in blood vessels,
    sluggish blood flow that causes clotting factors to accumulate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

give 2 points about embolism

A

when a blood clot is transferred by blood flow, the blood clot is called embolus

if embolus gets stuck in a tiny blood vessel, the blood flow will stop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

which group can blood group A receive to

A

A and O only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

which group can blood group B receive to

A

B and O only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
which group can blood group AB receive to
A, B, AB, O (all)
26
which group can blood group O receive to
O only
27
In what circumstance does Rhesus factor affects pregnancy
when an Rh negative mother marries an Rh positive father and conceives an Rh positive foetus
28
what happens during last month of pregnancy for (rhesus factor baby) 4m
fragments of foetal blood cells containing antigen D cross the placenta and enters the blood circulation of the mother - the white blood cells in the mothers blood will react and produce anti D antibodies that will flow back into the foetal blood circulatory system - the antibodies will destroy the red blood cells of the Rh positive baby before and immediately after birth - however the concentration of antibodies produced is not enough to affect the first child. But the anti-D antibodies will last in the blood circulatory system of the mother
29
what happens to the second child (rhesus factor baby) 4m
- the second problem arises when the second child is also Rh positive - the anti D in the mothers blood go across the placenta and destroy the red blood cells of the foetus - the symptoms of this disease are called erythroblastosis fetalis - the second foetus will die if the blood is not replaced with Rh-negative blood through blood transfusion
30
What happens in a less serious situation (rhesus factor baby)
the baby may suffer from anaemia and mental retardation
31
how can the rhesus factor baby problem be addressed
treat the mother will anti Rhesus globulins after the first pregnancy to stop the formation of anti-D antibodies
32
name examples of cardiovascular diseases
``` atherosclerosis arteriosclerosis angina hypertension myocardial infarction stroke ```
33
what is atherosclerosis
is the formation and deposition of plaque on the artery walls
34
how are plaques formed
through cholesterol lipid dead muscle tissues coagulated platelets
35
what will the plaque do in atherosclerosis
the plaque will clog and narrow the lumen in blood vessels
36
what causes hypertension
restricted blood flow
37
what does hypertension do
causes fine arteries to break and the patient can suffer from stroke if this happens to the brain
38
what causes stroke
blood clots (thrombus) that clogs the flow of blood to the brain
39
what is the early stage of arteriosclerosis
atherosclerosis
40
how does arteriosclerosis occur
it occurs when calcium is deposited on the plaque and causes the artery to become hard and lose its elasticity
41
what is the cause of angina
if lumen of the coronary artery is narrowed, the insufficient oxygen supply to the heart muscle can cause angina (severe chest pain)
42
what happens when the artery is completely clogged
myocardial infarction will occur
43
what is myocardial infarction
heart attack
44
what are the treatments for heart failure
surgery | coronary bypass
45
explain how strokes happen
stroke will occur when a blood clot clogs the flow of blood to the brain
46
what are the factors that contribute to an individuals risk to getting cardiovascular disease
A diet rich in lipids and low in fibre, lack of exercise, | obesity and smoking.
47
explain how atherosclerosis happens
• Plaque is formed and deposited on the arterial walls. • Plaque consists of cholesterol, lipids, fibrous connective tissues, dead muscle tissues and clumped platelets. • The plaque clogs and narrows the blood vessel’s lumen. • Atherosclerosis is the early stage of arteriosclerosis.
48
what is the heart made up of
cardiac muscles that intersect and are connected with one another
49
what does the arrangement of cardiac muscles do to the heart
this arrangement allows electric impulses to spread rapidly through the heart and at the same time, stimulates the cardiac muscle cells to contract simultaneously and uniformly
50
(cardiac muscles are myogenic) | what does it mean???
this means that the heart contracts and relaxes without receiving any impulse signal from the nervous system.
51
what happens if the cardiac muscles are stored in a warm oxygenated solution that contain nutrients
the muscles will contract and relax on their own
52
draw the diagram of the heart and label the stuff
--
53
what initiates the contraction of the heart
the pacemaker
54
what is the pacemaker
the pacemaker is a group of specific heart muscle cells that initiates the rate of heart contraction and is located at the right atrium
55
what does the pacemaker do
the pacemaker generates electrical impulses that spread rapidly through both walls of the atrium and causes the atrium to contract rhythmically
56
what is the main pacemaker called
sinoatrial node
57
explain the flow chart for the pumping of the heart | 4m
the SA generates electrical impulses electrical impulses spread rapidly in both the atria to contract simultaneously the electrical impulses reach the atrioventricular node. the electrical impulses spread through the bundle of Hism abd Purkinje fibres up to the apex of the heart the electrical impulses spread from the apex of the heart to the whole ventricle wall. As a result, the ventricles contract to pump blood out to the lungs and body.
58
what causes the lub sound in heart
it is produced when bicuspid valve close
59
what causes the dub sound in heart
it is produced when the semilunar valves close
60
how is blood flow assisted in veins
it is assisted by: contraction of smooth muscles found is venule and vein walls contraction of skeletal muscles around the veins. The contraction of skeletal muscles presses and constricts the veins, causing the valve to open and allow blood to flow towards the heart. The valve is then closed to prevent the blood from flowing back towards the foot.
61
what are the three main components of the human circulatory system
blood heart blood vessels
62
what is blood
blood is a connective tissue that is made up of blood plasma, blood cells and platelets.
63
what is blood used for
blood is used as a medium of transportation
64
what is heart
heart functions as a muscular pump that circulates blood to the whole body
65
explain blood vessels
blood vessels consist of arteries, capillaries, and veins that are connected to the heart, and transport blood to all the body tissues
66
explain why the subsequent pregnancies are miscarried (rh baby thing) (3m)
``` father rh positive red blood cell antigen d mother produce anti d stimulate more anti destroy placenta destroy placenta through erythroblastosis ```

Biology Form 4 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions