chap 12

Question 1

what is the ability of detect changes in the environment and respond to them called?

Answer 1

sensitivity

Question 2

the change that stimulate the response is called

Answer 2

stimulus

Question 3

name two types of stimulus

Answer 3

external stimulus and internal stimulus

Question 4

explain external stimulus

Answer 4

stimuli from the external environment include light, sound, smell, taste, surrounding temperature and pressure and touch

Question 5

explain internal stimulus

Answer 5

stimuli from the internal environment. blood osmotic pressure, changes in body temperature and changes in blood sugar level

Question 6

how can mammals detect stimuli

Answer 6

receptors

Question 7

what is response

Answer 7

the way organisms react after detecting a stimulus.

Question 8

what is the part of the body that responds to the stimulus called

Answer 8

effector

Question 9

what is coordination

Answer 9

a stimuli detection process by receptors that ends on appropriate responses by effectors

Question 10

name the 6 types of sensory receptor

Answer 10

photoreceptor = light
thermoreceptor =  change in temperature
chemoreceptor = chemical substances
baroreceptor = change in pressure
mechanoreceptor = touch and pressure
nociceptor = pain

Question 11

why is response so important

Answer 11

for survival

so can be transmitted to the integration centre to adapt

Question 12

what is the human nervous system made out of

Answer 12

a network of nerve cells or neurones

Question 13

what is the two main subsystems of the nervous system

Answer 13

the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system

Question 14

what does the central nervous system includes

Answer 14

the brain and spinal cord

Question 15

what does the peripheral nervous system includes

Answer 15

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs or spinal nerves

Question 16

what is the function of the cranial nerves

Answer 16

send nerve impulses from and to the brain.

Question 17

what is the function of the spinal nerves

Answer 17

send nerve impulses from and to the spinal cord

Question 18

what are the main components of the brain

Answer 18

cerebrum, hypothalamus, cerebellum, medulla oblongata and pituitary gland

Question 19

give 7 characteristics of the cerebrum

Answer 19

the largest and most complex structure on the frontal part of the brain

the surface is folded to increase surface area to hold more nerves

it is the centre that controls emotions, hearing, sight, personality and controlled actions

received information and stimulus from receptor

the information is analysed, integrated and correlated to produce sensory perception

the response is determined and instructions are given to the effectors

the cerebrum is also responsible for higher mental abilities such as learning, memorising, linguistic skills and mathematics skills.

Question 20

give 4 characteristics of the hypothalamus

Answer 20

coordinating homeostasis

control centre that regulates body temperature, water balance, blood pressure, and senses hunger, thirst and fatigue

the hypothalamus connects the nervous system to the endocrine system through the pituitary gland hormones

Question 21

give characteristic of cerebellum

Answer 21

maintains body balance and coordination of muscle contraction for body movement

Question 22

state 3 characteristics of pituitary gland

Answer 22

located at the base of the hypothalamus

the main gland in the endocrine system

this gland secretes hormones that control the secretion of hormones by other endocrine glands

Question 23

give two characteristics of medulla oblongata

Answer 23

located at the anterior of the cerebellum

controls involuntary actions such as heartbeat, breathing, food digestion, vasoconstriction, blood pressure, peristalsis, vomiting, coughing, sneezing and swallowing.

Question 24

what is spinal cord surrounded by

Answer 24

cerebrospinal fluid

Question 25

what is the function of cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 25

protects and supplies spinal cord with nutrients

Question 26

what is spinal cord made out of

Answer 26

white matter and grey matter

Question 27

what does grey matter look like in the cross section

Answer 27

butterfly or letter H

Question 28

what does white matter consist of

Answer 28

axons covered in myelin sheath and extends yo and down the spinal cord.

Question 29

how far does the spinal cord extends to

Answer 29

to dorsal root and ventral root

Question 30

what is the function of spinal cord

Answer 30

process a few types of sensory information and to send responses through the motor neurones control reflex action connect the brain with the peripheral nervous system

Question 31

give one point on dorsal root ganglion

Answer 31

the sensory neurones cell bodies are clustered in the dorsal root ganglion

Question 32

give one point on dorsal root

Answer 32

the dorsal root contains the axon of the sensory neurone that sends nerve impulses from the sensory receptor to the spinal cord

Question 33

function of ventral root

Answer 33

contains motor neurone that sends nerve impulses from the spinal cord of the effector

Question 34

point of spinal nerve

Answer 34

contains sensory neurone and motor neurone

Question 35

what does the peripheral nervous system consist of

Answer 35

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

Question 36

what does the somatic nervous system do

Answer 36

regulate all controlled actions

Question 37

what does the autonomic nervous system do

Answer 37

controls involuntary actions such as heartbeat

Question 38

what is the function of peripheral nervous system

Answer 38

connect sensory receptors snd effectors to the central nervous system

Question 39

what is the nervous system made out of

Answer 39

nerve cells called neurones.

Question 40

what is the basic structures of a neurone

Answer 40

cell body, axon, dendrite, myelin sheath, a node of ranvier and a synaptic knob

Question 41

name the three type of neurones

Answer 41

sensory neurones, relay neurones, and motor neurones

Question 42

what does dendrite do

Answer 42

receive nerve impulses from other neurones or the external environment and sends them to the cell body.

Question 43

what does the cell body do

Answer 43

integrates signals and coordinates metabolic activities

Question 44

what is the function of axon

Answer 44

carries impulses out of the cell body to other neurones or effectors

Question 45

what is the function if myelin sheath

Answer 45

coats the axon protects neurones from injury functions as insulator fir electrical impulses provides nutrients to axon

Question 46

what is and the function of node of ranvier

Answer 46

parts that are not insulated by the myelin sheath along the axon helps accelerate the flow of nerve impulses by allowing the nerve impulses to jump from one node to the following node.

Question 47

what is and the function of synaptic knob

Answer 47

a swelling at the end if the axon branch sends signals to muscle cells, gland cells or other neurone dendrites

Question 48

function of motor neurone

Answer 48

receives nerve impulses from the relay neurone of the central nervous system and sends nerve impulses to effectors such as muscles to produce appropriate response

Question 49

where can motor neurone be found

Answer 49

the ventral root of the spinal nerve

Question 50

where is the cell body present in motor neurones

Answer 50

grey matter of the spinal cord

Question 51

function if sensory neurone

Answer 51

carries nerve impulses from the sensory organ receptors to the central nervous system

Question 52

where is sensory neurone present

Answer 52

dorsal root of the spinal nerve

Question 53

what does the dendrite do in sensory neurone

Answer 53

receive nerve impulses from receptors and send them to the cell body

Question 54

where is nerve impulses transferred from to in sensory neurones

Answer 54

transferred from the cell body through the axon to the next neurone

Question 55

what is the function of relay neurones

Answer 55

connects the sensory neurone to the motor neurone

Question 56

where can relay neurone be found

Answer 56

in central nervous system

Question 57

where can the cell body of relay neurone be found

Answer 57

the cell body can be found in clusters in the grey matter of the central nervous system.

Question 58

where does relay neurone send nerve impulses

Answer 58

send nerve impulses from the sensory neurone to the central nervous system and from the central nervous system to the motor neurone

Question 59

are impulses transmitted chemically across synapses

Answer 59

yesss

Question 60

give the pathway of response

Answer 60

stimulus > receptor > brain > effector > muscle / gland (endocrine system) receptor send nerve impulse to brain (sensory neurone) brain have neurone called relay neurone (receive info from sensory neurone) then hantar to motor neurone to effector)