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Biology Form 4 > chap 12 > Flashcards

chap 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the ability of detect changes in the environment and respond to them called?

A

sensitivity

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2
Q

the change that stimulate the response is called

A

stimulus

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3
Q

name two types of stimulus

A

external stimulus and internal stimulus

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4
Q

explain external stimulus

A

stimuli from the external environment include light, sound, smell, taste, surrounding temperature and pressure and touch

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5
Q

explain internal stimulus

A

stimuli from the internal environment. blood osmotic pressure, changes in body temperature and changes in blood sugar level

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6
Q

how can mammals detect stimuli

A

receptors

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7
Q

what is response

A

the way organisms react after detecting a stimulus.

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8
Q

what is the part of the body that responds to the stimulus called

A

effector

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9
Q

what is coordination

A

a stimuli detection process by receptors that ends on appropriate responses by effectors

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10
Q

name the 6 types of sensory receptor

A 
photoreceptor = light
thermoreceptor =  change in temperature
chemoreceptor = chemical substances
baroreceptor = change in pressure
mechanoreceptor = touch and pressure
nociceptor = pain
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11
Q

why is response so important

A

for survival

so can be transmitted to the integration centre to adapt

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12
Q

what is the human nervous system made out of

A

a network of nerve cells or neurones

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13
Q

what is the two main subsystems of the nervous system

A

the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system

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14
Q

what does the central nervous system includes

A

the brain and spinal cord

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15
Q

what does the peripheral nervous system includes

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs or spinal nerves

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16
Q

what is the function of the cranial nerves

A

send nerve impulses from and to the brain.

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17
Q

what is the function of the spinal nerves

A

send nerve impulses from and to the spinal cord

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18
Q

what are the main components of the brain

A

cerebrum, hypothalamus, cerebellum, medulla oblongata and pituitary gland

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19
Q

give 7 characteristics of the cerebrum

A

the largest and most complex structure on the frontal part of the brain

the surface is folded to increase surface area to hold more nerves

it is the centre that controls emotions, hearing, sight, personality and controlled actions

received information and stimulus from receptor

the information is analysed, integrated and correlated to produce sensory perception

the response is determined and instructions are given to the effectors

the cerebrum is also responsible for higher mental abilities such as learning, memorising, linguistic skills and mathematics skills.

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20
Q

give 4 characteristics of the hypothalamus

A

coordinating homeostasis

control centre that regulates body temperature, water balance, blood pressure, and senses hunger, thirst and fatigue

the hypothalamus connects the nervous system to the endocrine system through the pituitary gland hormones

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21
Q

give characteristic of cerebellum

A

maintains body balance and coordination of muscle contraction for body movement

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22
Q

state 3 characteristics of pituitary gland

A

located at the base of the hypothalamus

the main gland in the endocrine system

this gland secretes hormones that control the secretion of hormones by other endocrine glands

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23
Q

give two characteristics of medulla oblongata

A

located at the anterior of the cerebellum

controls involuntary actions such as heartbeat, breathing, food digestion, vasoconstriction, blood pressure, peristalsis, vomiting, coughing, sneezing and swallowing.

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24
Q

what is spinal cord surrounded by

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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25
Q

what is the function of cerebrospinal fluid

A

protects and supplies spinal cord with nutrients

26
Q

what is spinal cord made out of

A

white matter and grey matter

27
Q

what does grey matter look like in the cross section

A

butterfly or letter H

28
Q

what does white matter consist of

A

axons covered in myelin sheath and extends yo and down the spinal cord.

29
Q

how far does the spinal cord extends to

A

to dorsal root and ventral root

30
Q

what is the function of spinal cord

A

process a few types of sensory information and to send responses through the motor neurones

control reflex action

connect the brain with the peripheral nervous system

31
Q

give one point on dorsal root ganglion

A

the sensory neurones cell bodies are clustered in the dorsal root ganglion

32
Q

give one point on dorsal root

A

the dorsal root contains the axon of the sensory neurone that sends nerve impulses from the sensory receptor to the spinal cord

33
Q

function of ventral root

A

contains motor neurone that sends nerve impulses from the spinal cord of the effector

34
Q

point of spinal nerve

A

contains sensory neurone and motor neurone

35
Q

what does the peripheral nervous system consist of

A

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

36
Q

what does the somatic nervous system do

A

regulate all controlled actions

37
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system do

A

controls involuntary actions such as heartbeat

38
Q

what is the function of peripheral nervous system

A

connect sensory receptors snd effectors to the central nervous system

39
Q

what is the nervous system made out of

A

nerve cells called neurones.

40
Q

what is the basic structures of a neurone

A

cell body, axon, dendrite, myelin sheath, a node of ranvier and a synaptic knob

41
Q

name the three type of neurones

A

sensory neurones, relay neurones, and motor neurones

42
Q

what does dendrite do

A

receive nerve impulses from other neurones or the external environment and sends them to the cell body.

43
Q

what does the cell body do

A

integrates signals and coordinates metabolic activities

44
Q

what is the function of axon

A

carries impulses out of the cell body to other neurones or effectors

45
Q

what is the function if myelin sheath

A

coats the axon

protects neurones from injury
functions as insulator fir electrical impulses
provides nutrients to axon

46
Q

what is and the function of node of ranvier

A

parts that are not insulated by the myelin sheath along the axon

helps accelerate the flow of nerve impulses by allowing the nerve impulses to jump from one node to the following node.

47
Q

what is and the function of synaptic knob

A

a swelling at the end if the axon branch

sends signals to muscle cells, gland cells or other neurone dendrites

48
Q

function of motor neurone

A

receives nerve impulses from the relay neurone of the central nervous system and sends nerve impulses to effectors such as muscles to produce appropriate response

49
Q

where can motor neurone be found

A

the ventral root of the spinal nerve

50
Q

where is the cell body present in motor neurones

A

grey matter of the spinal cord

51
Q

function if sensory neurone

A

carries nerve impulses from the sensory organ receptors to the central nervous system

52
Q

where is sensory neurone present

A

dorsal root of the spinal nerve

53
Q

what does the dendrite do in sensory neurone

A

receive nerve impulses from receptors and send them to the cell body

54
Q

where is nerve impulses transferred from to in sensory neurones

A

transferred from the cell body through the axon to the next neurone

55
Q

what is the function of relay neurones

A

connects the sensory neurone to the motor neurone

56
Q

where can relay neurone be found

A

in central nervous system

57
Q

where can the cell body of relay neurone be found

A

the cell body can be found in clusters in the grey matter of the central nervous system.

58
Q

where does relay neurone send nerve impulses

A

send nerve impulses from the sensory neurone to the central nervous system and from the central nervous system to the motor neurone

59
Q

are impulses transmitted chemically across synapses

A

yesss

60
Q

give the pathway of response

A

stimulus > receptor > brain > effector > muscle / gland (endocrine system)

receptor send nerve impulse to brain (sensory neurone)

brain have neurone called relay neurone (receive info from sensory neurone) then hantar to motor neurone to effector)

Biology Form 4 (12 decks)

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