Chapter 10:The Social Cognitive Learning Approach Flashcards
What is observational learning
It is learning the behavior of a person which changes as a result of observing others behavior.
Define locus of control
People who believe that they can exercise considerable control over what happens to them have internal control
Those who are inclined to believe that circumstances beyond their control determine their fate have external locus of control.
Define reciprocal determinism according to Bandura
The view that behavior is determined by the continuous interaction between the person the situation and the person’s behavior.
Behavior is the result and part of an ongoing process in which the individual situation and individuals behavior constantly influence each other.
What factors can influence behavior known as the response repertoire
Nature of situation
Learning experience
Expectations and goals
Behavior people produce in a given situation
According to Rotter how is a person’s behavior determined
Determined by influence of subjective preferences regarding possible rewards that may follow behavior and expectations that certain actions will lead to rewards they seek.
Prediction formula
BP=f(E,RV)
BP is behavior potential is a function of
E expectancy and reinforcement value RV
It means that a person is more likely to behave in a specific way if they expect behavior to have specific outcome which is desired.
According to Bandura how is a person’s behavior determined
Stated people possess various capabilities that underlie functioning in context of interaction between person situation and behavior.
Symbolising capability: it enables human beings to conserve and manipulate experience in form of cognition making it possible to reflect on experience use in planning and also enable individual to communicate with others as well as influence. They can form ideas about matters that they themselves have never directly experienced humanity can accumulate wealth of experience in culture to.
Forethought capability: means people don’t just react to immediate situation and are not simply programmed by past. They can devise plans goals for future and act accordingly
Vicarious capability: the individuals ability to learn from experience of others broadens learning capabilities through observation of others
Self regulation capabilities: refers to people’s ability to live by own standard and are relatively independent of other people
Self reflective capabilities: is ability to have a self image to be able to reflect on oneself and evaluate oneself. Involves self efficacy which is people’s beliefs about their capabilities to function effectively in a given situation.
Expand on Banduras idea of self efficacy
People self efficacy perception determine whether or not they will make attempts to deal with a situation.
Self efficacy perception influence people’s choice of situation because will tend to choose situations in which they believe will achieve success.
Persons with high self efficacy likely to be more strongly motivated and to be more persistent in attempting to take control of a situation than ones who mistrust own capabilities. High self efficacy produces more success experience.
According to Mischelhow is a person’s behavior determined
Encoding strategy: the vast ways people encode or symbolise
Expectancy: is the person expectations regarding outcomes of behavior.
Subjective values:
Self regulating systems and plans include functions like standards person sets goals they strive for and reaction to success or failure
Competency: ability to deal with the environment which includes knowledge skills and ability to generate cognition and actions.
What are some differences between the Behavioural and cognitive social theories regarding learning
Behaviourists believe learning is passive while social cognitive learning theorists hold its an active participation.
Behaviourists regarding conditioning as only form of learning while social cognitive theorists acknowledge 3 forms namely direct experience, observational learning and through self regulation.
Behaviourists believe learning is always linked with reinforcement by an external agent social cognitive theorists distinguish direct vicarious and self reinforcement
Explain the different types of reinforcement according to social cognitive theory.
Direct reinforcement: occurs when individual receive rewards for behavior from external agents.
Direct punishment occurs when external agent subjects individual to painful or unpleasant stimuli
Vicarious reinforcement: occurs when person observes another being rewarded for behavior.
Vicarious punishment occurs when a person observes another being punished for some behavior.
Self reinforcement: occurs when person rewards own behavior.
Self punishment occurs when one blames themself or feels ashamed
Critically discuss direct learning
Learning through direct experience where behavior changes as a result of performing a behavior for which they were rewarded or punished by someone else. It is also know as operant/ instrumental and classical/ respondent conditioning.
Critically discuss observational learning
Social learning: refers to all learning in which social and cognitive factors play a role.
Model: person whose behavior is observed
Observer: the person who observes someone else’s behavior
Reinforcement agent: person who rewards or punishes models behavior.
In observational learning behavior of one person changes as a result of observing the behavior of another. When models behavior is reinforced and observer learns behavior it is deemed vicarious reinforcement
The behavior of the model is called modelling and that of the observer imitation.
Counter imitation refers to case where the observer do the opposite of what they have observed in the model.
Involves attention: paying attention to model
Retention: remember the behavior of the model
Reproduction: being able to repeat behavior of the model.
What factors influence observational learning
Nature of modelled behavior: influence (attention retention and reproduction) depending on observers motivation and situation in which modelling takes place.
Characteristics of the model: like age gender status personality traits in interaction with other factors play a role. A model with high status or characteristics similar to observer like motivation interest values self confidence opinions intelligence and perceptiveness are important. Observer personality is important in determining which model to select which behavior will grab attention and be reproduced.
Results of the models behavior: vicarious outcomes. Vicarious rewards leads to imitation of modelled behavior whereas vicarious punishment leads to counter imitation.
Self efficacy: one’s confidence in their ability to reproduce the behavior.
Critically discuss self regulation learning
Self regulation refers to the individuals ability to regulate their own behavior and learning process. It includes self reinforcement and self punishment.
Internal self regulation: refers to people’s subjective evaluation of their own behavior. individuals use standards based on own previous experience self efficacy future expectations and values.
External self regulation: involves arranging situation and outcome of behavior so that individuals reward or punish themselves in a concrete way.
Describe an optimally developed person
Are able to recognise and take into account factors that are relevant to effective functioning in a given situation even though they may be relatively complex .
