Chapter 10- The Endocrine System

Question 1

what are the 3 classes of hormones?

Answer 1

1. amines
2. proteins
   steroid

Question 2

what are amines?

Answer 2

• simple variations of tyrosine

eg: thyroxine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

Question 3

what are proteins?

Answer 3

• 50-200 amino acids
• eg insuline, GTH-P, calcitonin.
• short chains are called peptides (oxytocin)

Question 4

what are steroids?

Answer 4

cholesterol base

eg: cortisol and aldosterone

Question 5

what does the hypothalamus release?

Answer 5

1. releasing hormone for anterior perituitrary

Question 6

what hormones are released by the thyroid gland

Answer 6

thyroxine and T3, clacitonin,

Question 7

what is released by the thymus gland

Answer 7

immune hormones

Question 8

what is released by the pituitary (hypophysis) gland

• Anterior
• Posterior

Answer 8

Ant: GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LF, Prolactin
post: ADH, oxytocin

Question 9

what is released by the pineal gland?

Answer 9

melatonin

Question 10

what is released by the parathyroid glands?

Answer 10

PTH

Question 11

what is released by the adrenal (suprarenal) glands?

• cortex
• mendulla

Answer 11

• cortex: aldosterone, cotrisol, sex hormone

- Mendulla: epinephrine, norepinephrine

Question 12

what is released by the pancrease

Answer 12

insulin,

glucagon

Question 13

what is released by the ovaries

Answer 13

estrogen
progesteron
inhibin

Question 14

what is released by the testes

Answer 14

testosterone

inhibin

Question 15

what hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary gland until they are needed.?

Answer 15

antidiuretic and oxytocin

- they are produced, and controlled by the hypothalamus,

Question 16

describe the function and regulation of the ADH (vasopressin) hormone

Answer 16

function: increase water reabsorbion throught the kidneys, decrease sweating, cause vasoconstriction
regulation: decreased water content in the body

Question 17

describe the funciton and regulation of the oxytocin hormone

Answer 17

function: promote contraction of myometrium of uterus, promotes release of milk from mammary glands
regulation: nerve impulses from hypothylamus, secretion from placenta at end of gestation

Question 18

what are 3 disorderes of growth hormones?

Answer 18

1. pituitary dwarfism, (hyposecretion of GH at young age)

2. giantism (hypersecretion of GH- in adulthood its causes by a pituitary tumor and results in acromegaly)

Question 19

describe the function and regulation of secretion of the: growth hormone

Answer 19

function: ^ rate of mitosis, ^ AA transport into cells, ^ rate of protein synthesis, ^ use of fats for energy
regulation: GHRH > stimulates // GHIH > inhibits secretion

Question 20

describe the function and regulation of secretion of the: TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

Answer 20

function: increase secreation of thyroxine, and T3 by the thyroid gland
regulation: TRH (hypothyroid)

Question 21

describe the function and regulation of secretion of the: ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

Answer 21

function: increases secretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex
regulation CRH (hypothalamus)

Question 22

describe the function and regulation of secretion of the: FSH hormone

Answer 22

function

women: initiate growth of ova, increase estrogen secretion by follicle cells
men: initiate sperm production in the testes
regulation: GnRH (hypothalamus) > sitmulates // Inhibin > inhibits

Question 23

describe the function and regulation of secretion of the: LH (ICSH)

Answer 23

funciton:

women: causes ovulation, ruptured ovarian follicle to become the corpus lumen, increase secretion of progesterone by the corpus lumen
men: increase secretion of testosterone by interstitial cells of the testes
regulation: GnRH (hypothalamus)

Question 24

describe the function and regulation of secretion of the: Thyoxine (T4) and T3 hormones

Answer 24

function: increase energy production from all food types, and increase rate of protein synthesis
regulation: TSH

Question 25

describe the function and regulation of secretion of the: calcitonin hormone

Answer 25

function: decrease the reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bones to bones. regulation: hypercalcemia.

Question 26

what are the disorders of thyroxine?

Answer 26

1. iodine diet deficiency causes goiter, tx with iodize salt 2. cretinism caused by hyposecretion of T4, tx- if early dectection with thryoid hormones 3. myxedema caused by hyposecretion, L metabolic rate, tx with thyroid hormone 4. Graves disease, caused by hypersecretion > ^ metabolic rate, tx with medication

Question 27

which cells in the isclet of langerhan produce glucagon, and which produce insulin?

Answer 27

1. Alpha glucagon | 2. Beta insulin

Question 28

how does insulin lower the blood glucose level in cells?

Answer 28

increases transport of glucose from the blood into cells by increasing permeability of cell membrane to glucose.

Question 29

describe the functions and regulations of the PTH hormone (parathyroid hormone)

Answer 29

^ reabsorption of Ca+ and phosphate from bone to blood, ^ absoroption of calcium and phosphate by the small intestine, ^ the reabsorption of Ca+ and the excretion of phosphate by the kidneys; activates Vit D. regulation: hypocalcemia stimulates secretion. Hypercalcemia inhibits secretion.

Question 30

describe the function and regulation of the hormone glucagon

Answer 30

function: ^ conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver, ^ the use of excess AA and of fats for energy regulation: hypoglycemia

Question 31

describe the function and regulation of the hormone

Answer 31

functions: increases glucose transport into cells, and the use of glucose for energy production, ^ conversion of excess glucose to glycogen in the liver and muscles, ^ amino acid and fatty acid transport into cells, and their use in synthesis reactions regulation: hyperglycemia

Question 32

describe the function and regulation of the hormone somatostatin (delta cells)

Answer 32

function: . decreases secretion of insulin and glucagon, slows absorption of nutrients regulation: rising levels of insulin and glucagon

Question 33

what is ketoacidosis, and when does it arise?

Answer 33

T1DM disorder, when glucose cannot be used for energy, body turns fat and proteins into keytones. They arnt used by the body quickly, and becomes very acidic. This leads to dizziness, dehydration, urination, coma, death.

Question 34

describe the function and regulation of norepinephrine

Answer 34

causes vasoconstriction in skin, viscera, and skeletal muscles regulation: sympathetic impulses from the hypothalamus in stress situtations

Question 35

describe the function and regulation of epinephrine.

Answer 35

^ HR and force of contraction, dilates bronchioles, decreases peristalsis, increases conversion of glycogen to glucose in teh liver, causes vasodilation in skeletal muscles, causes vasoconstriction in skin and viscera, increases use of fats for energy, ^ rate of cell respiration regulation: sympathetic impulses from the hypothalamus in stress situtations

Question 36

what are the 2 disorders of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 36

1. addisons disease, > hypo-secretion of adrenal cortical hormone > weakness, inability to resist stress - tx with hydrocortisone 2. cushing syndrome > hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex, (cortisol) > tx remove cause of hypersecretion (tumor?) sometimes results from tx of corticosteroids for asthma or transplant patients.

Question 37

describe the function and regulation of secretion of aldosterone

Answer 37

``` function : ^ reabsorption of Na+ by the kidneys to blood, ^ excretion of K+ ions by the kidneys in the urine regulation: low blood Na+, low blood volume or pressure, high blood K+ ```

Question 38

describe the function and regulation of secretion of cortisol

Answer 38

function: ^ use of fats, and excecss AA for energy, decrease use of glucose for energy, ^ conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver, anti-inflammatory effects: stabalizes lysosomes and blocks the effects of histamine regulation: ACTH during physiological stress

Question 39

describe the function and regulation of the hormone melatonin

Answer 39

function: stimulates onset of sleep and its duration, possibly strengthens immune system, regulation: cyclic cycle of light

Question 40

describe the funciton and regulation of the hormone PG's (prostaglandins) produced by all cells from the phospholipids of their cell membranes.

Answer 40

function: many types from (A-I), involved in inflammation, pain mechanism, blood clotting, vasoconstriction, and vasodilation, nutrient metabolism, etc... regulation: they do not circulate in the blood,

Question 41

what is the mechanism of hormones in the body, include examples of both two-messenger mechanisms.

Answer 41

bond to a receptor for target cell, 1. a cells response to a hormone is determined by the enzymes within the cell, that is the reactions of which the cell is capable. there mechanisms are brought about by the first messenger, the hormone, which stimulates the formation of the second messenger, cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP then activates the cell's enzymes to elicit a response to the hormone.

Question 42

what is a steroid hormone, define its mechanism as a response.

Answer 42

- soluble in the lipids, dont need messenger - in cell; combines with the protein receptor in the cytoplasm and this steroid-protein complex enters the nucleus of the cell. - in nucleus; the complex activates specific genes, which begin the process of protein synthesis. - enzymes produced bring about the cells response to the hormone

Question 43

what is cortisol impportant in the use of food for energy?

Answer 43

Glucose cannot be absorbed directly into the brain via the BBB. Cortisol allows for the break down of glucose that it may be absorbed by the brain, its purpose of being used by all different types of food compounds, allows there to be glucose no matter what is available as nutrition.