Chapter 1- Organization and General Plan of the Body Flashcards
What is anatomy?
study of body structure (size, shape, composition)
what is physiology?
study of how the body functions?
what is pathophysiology?
the study of disorders of functioning, and a knowledge of normal physiology makes such as disorders easier to understand > illustrates relationship of disease, and describe procedures used in the dx of disease
what are the two major categories of chemicals?
inorganic and organic
what is inorganic chemicals?
simple molecules made up of one or two elements other than carbon (water, o2, CO2* exception, minerals)
what is organic chemicals?
complex molecules always containing carbon and hydrogren.
what are 3 sub-categories of organic chemicals?
- carbohydrates
- fats
- proteins
- nucleic acuds
What is a tissue?
group of cells with similar structure and function.
what is the chart table (in order) that deplicts the level of a structural organism?
chemical > cellular > tissue> organ > organ system > organism
what are the four groups of tissues?
epithelial (cover/line body surface)
connective (connect and support)
Muscles (specialized for contraction)
nerve (generate and transmit electrochemical impulses)
what is an organ?
a group of tissues precisely arranged to accomplish specific functions
what is an organ system?
group of organs that all contribute to a particular function.
what is metabolism?
a collective noun; it is all of the chemical reaction sand physical process that take place within the body. This includes growing, repairing, reacting and reproducing.
which organ system acts a barier to pathogens and chemical, and prevents excessive water loss?
Integumentary: skin, subcutaneous tissues
which organ system regulates body function such as growth and reproduction by means of hormones, and regulates day to day metabolism by means of hormones
endocrine : thryoid, pituitary gland, ovaries/testes, pancreas
Which organ system returns tissue fluid to the blood, and destroys pathogens that enter the body and provides immunity?
lymphatic, (spleen, lymph nodes, thymus gland)
which organic system removes waste product from the blood and regulates volume and pH of blood and tissue fluid?
urinary (kidneys, bladder, urethra)
what is metabolic rate?
used to mean the speed at which the body produces energy and heat. > energy production per unit of time.
what is homeostasis?
reflects the ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable metabolism and to function normally despite changes.
what is a negative feedback mechanism?
the body’s response reverses the stimulus (in effect, turning it off for a while) and keeps some aspect of the body metabolism wnl.
what does Thyroxine do?
stimulates the cellular enzyme system that produce energy from food, which increases metabolic rate.
what is a positive feedback mechanism?
response to the stimulus does not stop or reverse the stimulus but instead keeps the sequence of the events going. It requires a Break, to interrupt it, therefore they can be self-perpetuating
> more rare in human body. ex child birth, fevers d/t bacteria, blood clot etc.
What are some examples of body systems that are regulated by negative feedback?
secretion of hormones
HR
BP
what is anatomic position?
standing up right, facing forward.
what are the two major cavities of the body?
- dorsal (posterior)
2. ventral (anterior)
what is contained in the dorsal cavity?
- CNS, > cranial cavity and the vertebral/spinal cavity
is the dorsal system continuous or bound into separate subdivisions.
continuous
what is included in the cranial cavity, and the spinal cavity?
cranial >formed by skull and contains the brain
spinal> backbone and spinal cord
what membrane lines the dorsal cavity?
meninges
the ventral cavity is comprised of which two compartments?
the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity
is the ventral cavity continuous or bound into separate subdivisions?
bound by the diaphragm
what organs are included in the thoracic cavity, and what is the membrane that bounds it?
heart and lungs,
pleural membranes
what membranes lines the chest wall, and which covers the lungs?
parietal pleura
visceral pleura
what membrane covers the heart?
pericardical membranes
what organs are included in the abdominal cavity
liver, stomach and intestine.
which two serous membranes cover the abdomen cavity?
peritoneum (entire abdomen wall) and mesentery (cont’ membrane folded around and covering the outer surface of the abdomen organs.
what organs are included in the pelvic cavity?
urinary bladder, reproductive organs,
which plane separates the body from back to front
frontal (coronal) section
which plane (from front to back) separates the body into L and R.
saggital section
which plane cuts perpendicular to the long axis of an organ.
cross-section
which plane cuts along the long axis of an organ
longitudinal section
which plane (horizontal) separates the body into upper and lower portions.
transverse
what is a quadrant (in terms of planes)
a transverse plane and mid-sagittal plane that crosses the abdomen into 4 quadrants.
what is a 9- areas (in terms of planes)
two transverse planes and two sagittal planes divide the abdomen into 9-areas.
name the 9 areas.
- UR - R hypochondriac region
- UM- epigastric region
- UL - L hypochondriac region
- MR- R lumbar region
- C - Umbilical region
- ML - L lumbar region
- LR - R illiac region
- LM - Hypogastric region
- LL - L illiac region
