Chapter 10- Terms Flashcards
Define lattice energy
Arranged energy from cations and anions to form a crystalline lattice in a ionic solid
What makes up a ionic bond?
Metal and non metal
What type of element makes up a covalent bond?
Usually 2 nonmetal bonding also result in sharing of E-
Which bond result in transfer of E-?
Ionic bond d
What are metallic bonds?
Found in metal to metal bond s
What are the characteristics of electron in a ionic bond?
Electrons transferred
What are the electrons characteristic of a covalent bond?
Electrons shared
What are the electron on characteristic of a metallic bond?
Electrons are pooled
What is an octet ?
Atoms with 8 e-s surround the element
What is a duet
An element with two e-‘s
Which element is a exception to a stable dueto
HE
Which element is a exception to a stable dueto
HE
Define bond length
Average distance between nuclei
When can covalent bonds be stable?
In water shared E-‘d create covalent bonds giving stable octects & duets
Is the distance between bonded atoms increased? or decreased? as the # of shared E-‘s increase?
It decreases!
What are the quick steps for writing Lewis’s structures for covalent molecules?
- Write the correct Skeleton for the molecule , most metallic in center & stay symmetrical , hydrogen are always on the end
- Find the sum of all E-‘s from elements/atoms
- Distribute e-‘s among atoms giving octects
- If a atom lacks an octet add a double or triple bond as necessary octects
On the electronegstviity periodic table where do they increase ?
To the right and to the top
How to find the electronegatvity difference
Subtract the final from the inital electronegativity from the periodic table to find the total (EN ) electronegativity
What is the electric negativity difference for pure covalent, polar covalent & ionic bond?
Pure Covalent 0-0.4
Polar covalent 0.4-2.0
Ionic bond 2.0+
What is the EN for pure covalent?
< 0.4
What is the EN for polar covalent ?
0.5-2.0
What is the EN for ionic bond?
2.0 and more
Which bonding gives you lattice energy?
Ionic bonding
Can you double count anything that is a bond?
Such as a double bond = how many electron
Triple bond has how many electrons.
Yes,
Double bond = 4 electrons
Triple bond = 6 electrons
Define a hybrid resonance
When a Lewis structure has more than one correct way to draw out a Lewis structure.
Is it okay for drawing a Lewis structure with a off amount of electrons.
No, take into account the charge in the compound.
What does a student need to do on a quiz or test need to put to show a resonance
Put arrow between the two such as
“<—>”
How do you show charge when drawing a Lewis structure
Put the entire Lewis structure in a brackets and show the charge at the top right
Which bond exerts a greater attraction for the E’s than the other?
Polar covalent bond
Define electronegativity
The ability of an atom in a molecule to attract e-‘s
Define dipole moment
Separation of charge
Which bond (ionic, polar, metallic ) results in partial charges on atoms?
Polar bond
How to determine polarity?
- Identify polar covalent bonds
- Determine if polar bonds form a net dipole moment (polar) or cancel one another (non polar)
What does formula charge do?
Helps find the correct Lewis structure
How to find the formal charge?
- Find the electrons for unshared electron & half of the binding electrons are assigned to each atom
- Subtract assigned electrons from valence electrons for each atom
- Choose the Lewis structure closely formal charg to zero, all negative charges reside on more EN atoms
How are molecular shape defined?
With angles and distance between the nuclei of adjacent atoms
Do chemical properties arise from ∠? Shape, or distance?
Shape
Define VSEPR Thoery
Valence shell e-‘s pair repulsion theory explains the existence of shapes
Define e- domain geometry
Arrangement of e- domains around the central atom
What three things can the VSEPR model do!
- Reduction the Lewis structure
- Determine the electron geometry
- Predict the molecular geometry from the electron geometry
Do lone pairs disrupt shape of molecules?
Yes, lone pairs hold greater repulsive forces on adjacent electron domains and compress bond angles
Can central atoms from the 3 period have more than an octet?
Yes
Based on dipole, how do you determine if a molecule is polar or not?
If the dipole vector add up = polar
If dipole vector cancel out = non-polar
Define the Lewis theory
Atoms share electron to form covalent bonds
What electron geometry has 3 electron groups?
Trigonal planar
What electron geometry has 4electron groups
Tetrahedral
What electron geometry had 5 electron groups?
Trigonal bipyramidal
What electron geometry has 6 electron groups?
Octahedral
3 electron groups and 3 bonding groups calls for what molecular geometry ?
Trigonal planar
3 electron groups with 2 bonding groups calls for what molecular geometry?
Bent
4 electron groups and 4 bonding groups calls for what molecular geometry
Tetrahedral
4 electron groups &3 bonding groups calls for what molecular geometry?
Trigonal pyramidal
4 electrons groups and 2 bonding groups calls for what molecular geometry
Bent
5 electrons groups and 5 bonding groups calls for what molecular geometry
Trigonal bipyramidal
5 electrons groups and 4 bonding groups calls for what molecular geometry
Seesaw
5 electrons groups and 3 bonding groups calls for what molecular geometry
T-shaped
5 electrons groups and 2 bonding groups calls for what molecular geometry
Linear
6 electrons groups and 6 bonding groups calls for what molecular geometry
Octahedral
6 electrons groups and 5 bonding groups calls for what molecular geometry
Square pyramidal
6electrons groups and 4 bonding groups calls for what molecular geometry
Square planar
Define QM model /VSEPR
Electrons occupy orbitals of certain shapes
Define Lewis theory
Atoms share electrons to form covalent bonds
Define valence bond theory
Atomic orbitals share a region of space / overlap to form covalent bonds
Describe the bond in H2.
1s - 1s bond
A linear aggrangement of electron implies what hybridization?
SP hybridization
A trigo al planar arrangement of electrons calls for what hybridization?
SP2 hybridization
A tetrahedral arrangement of electrons calls for what hybridization?
SP3
A arrangement of trigonal byprymidal electrons calls for what hybridization
SP3d
An arrangement octahedral of electrons calls for what hybridization?
Sp3d2
Show the hybdrization about B in BF₃
- Find the Lewis structure
- Count the electron domain around central atom
- Determine electron geometry (trigonal planar)
- Determine hybridization from Lewis structure / electron geometry
Answer is sp²
How does pressure affect chemistry
Constant collisions between gaseous particles and surface around them
What is the equation to find pressure?
F/ A = P
F : force acting on a given unit
A: area
How is atmospheric pressure created?
Gravity causes the atmosphere as a whole to press down on the earths surface
What is Coulomb’s law?
Potential energy of two charge particles is proportional to the product of two charges divided by the distance between them
How do core electrons shield outermost elegrons from nuclear charge?
E- with high probability found closer to the nucleus shield those with high probability of being further away from the nucleus.
Outermost electrons are further away from the nucleus and core electrons are closer to the nucleus
What’s the conversion from mmHg to atm
760 mmHg / 1 atm
