Chapter 10: Preclinical Studies Flashcards
An ideal drug is potent, efficacious, and specific. True or false?
True
No drugs are perfectly effective and absolutely safe in reality. True or false?
True
What is the study of drug movement throughout the body?
Pharmacokinetics
The processes of pharmacokinetics are grouped into four categories:
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
What are the four basic transport mechanisms?
Passive diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Pinocytosis
What is passive diffusion?
Diffusion is the random movement of molecules in fluid.
What is facilitated diffusion?
Polar drug molecules have been observed across cell membranes via carrier systems.
What is active transport?
The active transport mechanism requires energy to drive the transportation of drugs against the concentration gradient from low to high.
What is pinocytosis?
This involves engulfing of fluids by a cell.
Absorption is the primary pharmacokinetic factor determining the length of time it takes a drug to produce its effect. True or false?
True.
Distribution involves the transport of drugs throughout the body. True or false?
True
The primary site of drug excretion is the kidney. True or false?
True
Certain drugs may be excreted more quickly, if the pH of the filtrate changes. True or false?
True
Impairment of kidney function can dramatically affect pharmacokinetics. True or false?
True
Glandular activity is another elimination mechanism. True or false?
True
What do toxicological studies show?
The functional and morphological effects of the drug
The two types of toxicity studies are:
Single-dose and repeated dose
Single dose toxicity tests are:
Acute toxicity testing is conducted for several purposes:
Determination of repeated doses
Identification of organs subjected to toxicity
Provision of data for starting doses in human clinical trials
Repeated dose toxicity tests are:
Chronic toxicity studies are also performed on two species, a rodent, and a non-rodent. The aim is to evaluate the longer term effects of the drug in animals.
Carcinogenicity studies are carried out to identify the tumor causing potential of a drug. True or false?
True
Genotoxicity studies determine if the drug compound can induce mutations to genes. True or false?
True
Reproductive toxicology studies are to assess the effect of the potential drug on mammalian reproduction. True or false?
True
T 1/2 is:
Plasma half life
The longer it takes a medication to be excreted the greater the half life. True or false?
True
For any drug administered, the goal is to keep its plasma concentration in the therapeutic range. True or false?
True
A drug that is more potent, will produce a therapeutic affect at a lower dose. True or false?
True
Efficacy, is the magnitude of maximal response that can be produced from a particular drug. True or false?
True
A cellular macromolecule to watch a medication binds in order to initiate its effects is called a receptor. True or false?
True
A drug that produces the same type of response as the endogenous substance is called an agonist. True or false?
True
The term partial agonist or agonist-antagonist drug describes a medication that produces a weaker response than an agonist. True or false?
True
Functional antagonists inhibit the effects of an agonist by changing pharmacokinetics factors. True or false?
True
What is NOAEL?
No observed adverse effect level
What is MRSD?
Maximum recommended starting dose
What is HED?
Human equivalent dose
DNA is:
Deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA is:
Ribonucleic acid
Three types of subatomic particles:
Protons, neutrons, and electrons
The atomic mass of an element is what?
The sum of the protons and neutrons in the element
What is a hydrogen bond?
This occurs when two atoms associate with a hydrogen atom
What is an ionic (electrovalent) bond?
Occurs when the valance electrons transfer from one atom to another
What is a covalent bond?
This forms when atoms share pairs of valence electrons
What are triglycerides?
The most abundant, lipid in both food and the body. These are neutral fats, that insulate, protect and serve as the body’s most concentrated energy source.
What are phospholipids?
These are the major structural component of cell membranes, and consist of one molecule of glycerol two molecules of a fatty acid, and a phosphate group.
What are steroids?
Simple lipids, with no fatty acids in their molecules.
What holds DNA together?
Adenine-thymine and guanine-cytosine pairs
RNA has a single chain structure. True or false?
True
Genetic factors of a marked effect on the effectiveness of certain medicines. True or false?
True
Genetics is the study of what?
Heredity
What are the two types of human gametes?
Eggs (ova)
Sperm (spermatozoa)
An ovum contains 23 chromosomes and a sperm contains 23 chromosomes. When they unite what happens?
A fertilized cell with 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in its nucleus
The two sex chromosomes of the 23rd chromosome pair determine a persons gender. True or false?
True
What is the genotype?
The genetic information stored at a locus of a gene.
The detectable outward manifestation of a genotype is called what?
Phenotype
The area of pharmacology that examines the role of heredity and drug response is what?
Pharmacogenetics
What is homozygous?
Identical alleles
What is heterozygous?
Different alleles
Variations of the same gene are called alleles. True or false?
True
What are genetic defects?
These results from changes to genes or chromosomes
What are teratogens?
Environmental agents that can cause structural or functional defects in the developing fetus
What are mutations?
A permanent change in genetic material
What are congenital anomalies?
Birth defects
