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Z 2nd Exam Exercise Cardiology > Chapter 10 PowerPoint > Flashcards

Chapter 10 PowerPoint Flashcards

1
Q

Where and what are premature beats generated by?

A

Generated by ectopic stimulation or irritable foci in either the Atria, AV junction, and Ventricle.

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2
Q

What other terms for premature beats are used?

A

“Skipped beats” rather than early beats
“Palpitations”

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3
Q

What are the three general causes of PVC?

A

-Absence of organic Heart disease
Idiopathic – caffeine, stress, exhaustion, smoking
Hypoxia – alcohol, cocaine, hypoxemia, hypercapnia
-Presence of Organic Heart Disease
Myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, mitral valve prolapse, cardiomyopathy
-Electrolyte Disturbance
Hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia

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4
Q

What occurs in the absence of organic heart disease in premature beats?

A

Idiopathic – caffeine, stress, exhaustion, smoking
Hypoxia – alcohol, cocaine, hypoxemia, hypercapnia

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5
Q

What occurs in the presence of organic heart disease in premature beats?

A

Myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, mitral valve prolapse, cardiomyopathy

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6
Q

What occurs in electrolyte disturbances in premature beats?

A

Hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia

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7
Q

What are four treatments for premature beats?

A

Benign – work on life style management
Pharmacologic management
Catheter ablation
Electrolyte replacement therapy

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8
Q

Premature atrial contractions are very ____ and generally ____?

A

Premature atrial contractions are very common and generally benign

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9
Q

What is the appearance of premature atrial contractions?

A

Appearance – looks similar to normal sinus beat
-Morphology of P wave is different
-P waves can hide in ST seg and T wave
-Most PAC’s conduct a beat some do not.. showing lone P wave
-Each PAC resets the SA node

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10
Q

PAC patterns are the same as ____?

A

PVC

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11
Q

Causes of PAC?

A

Causes – stress, caffeine, fatigue, electrolyte balance, oxygenation

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12
Q

What are treatments for PAC?

A

Treatments – none at first, Meds, Catheter ablation

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13
Q

Premature junctional contractions occur in the ____?

A

AV node “junction”

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14
Q

How do premature junctional contractions appear on an ECG?

A

ECG Appearance – QRS usually narrow
P wave maybe absent, inverted or retrograde
Lack of atrial depol or atrial depol out of sequence
Also happens in couplets, bigeminy

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15
Q

What are causes of PJC?

A

Causes – hypoxemia, electrolyte imbalances

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16
Q

What are treatments for PJC?

A

Treatments – benign. Or medication

17
Q

In a PVC the ventricles depolarize out of sync with the ____ ____?

A

SA node

18
Q

PVC is associated with enhanced ____ of ventricles?

A

Automaticity

19
Q

During a PVC when does the atria contract?

A

No atrial depol or simultaneous or retrograde to PVC

20
Q

How does a PVC appear on an ECG?

A

ECG appearance
Large / obtuse
Wide QRS complex – slower ventricular depol than normal
T wave opposite of main QRS deflection
No visible p wave
Following PVC is a short no electrical activity

21
Q

What is a PVC couplet?

A

Couplets – 2 identical PVC’s in a row

22
Q

What is non-sustained ventricular tachycardia?

A

A run of PVC’s lasting < 30 sec
3 or more unifocal PVC’s in a row
A run of 3 PVC’s – burst

23
Q

What are multifocal PVCs?

A

Multifocal – PVC’s with different morphologies

24
Q

What is ventricular bigeminy?

A

Ventricular Bigeminy – alternating sinus beat and PVC

25
Q

What is ventricular trigeminy?

A

Ventricular Trigeminy – PVC beats every 3rd beat

26
Q

What is R on T premature ventricular contraction?

A

R wave of PVC falls on T wave
Very unstable and can lead to Vtach

27
Q

What are three classifications of tachyarrhythmias?

A

Paroxysmal
200+/- 50
Flutter
300 +/- 50
Fibrillation
400 +/- 50

28
Q

What is Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) Rhythms?

A

HR above 100 coming from above the ventricles

29
Q

What can SA node dysfunction cause?

A

Sinus Tachycardia

30
Q

What can irritated atria cause?

A

Focal Atrial tachycardia
Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia
Atrial flutter
Atrial fibrillation

31
Q

What can paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia cause?

A

AV node reentrant tachycardia
AV reentrant tachycardia

32
Q

S/S of typical supraventricular tacycardia?

A

Signs/Symptoms
Palpitations
Chest Pain
Anxiety
Shortness of Breath
Dizziness
(Rare Syncope)

33
Q

What are risk factors for typical supraventricular tachycardia?

A

Risk Factors
Genetics
Structural Abnormality
CAD or Heart Disease
COPD
Pulmonary Embolism
Hyperthyroidism
Alcoholism
Medication

34
Q

What are three different mechanisms for atrial tachycardia?

A

Automaticity
Reentry
Triggered

35
Q

What are causes for supraventricular tachycardia?

A

Causes
Ischemia
Cardiomyopathy
Congestive heart failure
Hypertension heart disease/ventricular hypertrophy
Electrolyte imbalances
Severe pulmonary disease

36
Q

What is atrial flutter?

A

250-350 BPM, non lethal

37
Q

How does atrial flutter appear?

A

Known for “Saw tooth” pattern
Look at P waves carrying on pace with QRS at another pace
Still see ventricular pattern 2:1 or 3:1

Z 2nd Exam Exercise Cardiology (6 decks)

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