CHAPTER 10: OCEAN ECOSYSTEMS Flashcards

1
Q

What are costal dead zones?

A

Coastal waters with too little dissolved oxygen to support most marine life

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2
Q

What human activity has increased coastal dead zones?

A

Fertilizer runoff from farms

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3
Q

Where are majority of coastal dead zones?

A

Atlantic shores USA and Atlantic shores Europe

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4
Q

Oceans cover what percentage of earths surface?

A

71

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5
Q

70% of oxygen comes from what in the oceans?

A

Marine plants

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6
Q

How much of the world depends on the ocean as a food source?

A

Nearly half.

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7
Q

What light wavelength penetrates deepest in the ocean?

A

Blue wavelength

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8
Q

How far does sunlight penetrate the ocean?

A

Uppermost layers, 250 m

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9
Q

Oceans surface temps vary with…

A

latitude

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10
Q

What is the transitional zone of temperature decline called?

A

Thermocline

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11
Q

What affects the thermocline?

A

Latitude and the ocean depth

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12
Q

Which zone of the ocean is relatively warm and sunlit?

A

Epipelagic Zone… 200m

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13
Q

Layers of the ocean

A
Epipelagic Zone
Mesoelagic Zone
Bathypelagic Zone
Abyssopelagic Zone
Hadal Zone

(EMBAH)

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14
Q

What is the continental shelf?

A

shallow, sloping near continental margins

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15
Q

What is Continental slope?

A

transition b/w self and floor

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16
Q

What is the Abyssal Plains?

A

lays b/w 4000-6000m depth

17
Q

What are mid ocean ridges?

A

submarine mountain systems stretching from pole to pole

18
Q

What are deep sea trenches

A

Lowest point of ocean

19
Q

Salinity is…

A

Concentration of dissolved minerals in seawater

20
Q

Main source of salinity in oceans

A

Rivers… 2.5 billion tonnes per year

21
Q

What is the average pH of the ocean

A

8.16, Basic

22
Q

how much of anthropogenic carbon emissions have been absorbed by the oceans in the last 200 years?

A

1/3

23
Q

As CO2 is absorbed by seawater, what forms which makes the seawater more acidic?

A

Carbonic acid - H2CO3

24
Q

How much is the pH of the ocean predicted to fall by 2100?

A

0.4 units, toward acid

25
Q

What are the 5 factors that form oceanic circulation patterns?

A
  1. WINDS
  2. DENSITY DIFFERENCE IN SEA WATER
  3. CORIOLIS EFFECT
  4. SHAPE OF OCEAN BASINS
  5. ASTRONOMICAL FACTORS
26
Q

Define Ocean currents

A

any persistent, dominantly horizontal flow of ocean water

27
Q

What are ocean currents driven by

A

wind blowing over the surface, friction

28
Q

Why are ocean currents essential?

A

Sustaining global energy balance

29
Q

13% of total _____ movement from low to high latitudes

A

HEAT

30
Q

The ocean temperature structure is…

A

layered

31
Q

What are gyres?

A

Large circular currents

32
Q

What are gyres produced by?

A

Wind, Coriolis effect, Land masses

33
Q

Why are gyres important?

A

move warm waters toward poles and cold waters toward equator

34
Q

The east coast tends to be effected by what temperature gyre?

A

Warm

35
Q

The west coast tends to be effected by what temperature gyre

A

cold

36
Q

Upwelling zones are only located on which side of continents?

A

WEST

37
Q

What flourishes in upwelling zones?

A

Fishing

38
Q

What is the circumpolar gyre and where is it located?

A

West winds around Antaractiica

39
Q

What is thermocline circulation driven by?

A

Density differences (temp and salinity)