Chapter 10: Network Naming Flashcards
Name Resolution
Converts computer names to IP addresses and vice versa.
Domain Name System (DNS)
The dominant name resolution protocol.
UDP port 53 usually, sometimes TCP port 53
NetBT
- Runs NetBIOS on top of TCP/IP, allowing Microsoft naming services to operate on a TCP/IP network without the need for DNS services.
- TCP ports 137/139
NetBIOS
A protocol that creates and manages connections based on the names of the computers involved.
NetBEUI
- Microsoft’s first networking protocol designed to work with NetBIOS.
- Did not support routing
hosts file
- A static text file that resides on a computer and is used to resolve DNS host names to IP addresses.
- Always checked first
DNS Root Servers
The highest in the hierarchy of DNS servers running the Internet.
Top-Level Domain (TLD) Servers
- The servers that hand the TLD names (com, org, net, edu, etc.)
- Delegate work down to one more level of DNS servers (like our name servers).
What is the maximum length of a DNS name?
255 characters
DNS Hierarchical Name Space
An imaginary tree structure of all possible names that could be used within a single system.
Is DNS case-sensitive?
NO
Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN)
A complete DNS name.
DNS server
A computer running DNS server software
Zone
A container for a single domain that gets filled with records
Record
A line in the zone data that maps an FQDN to an IP address.
Authoritative Name Server
DNS server that holds the IP addresses and names of systems for a particular domain or domains.
In Linux, what file contains DNS server info?
/etc/resolv.conf
In Windows, how can you see your current DNS server settings?
ipconfig /all
BIND
The most popular DNS server management tool in UNIX/Linux systems
Cache-Only DNS Servers
DNS servers that do not have any forward lookup zones. They resolve the names of systems on the Internet for the network, but are not responsible for telling other DNS servers the names of any clients.
Forward Lookup Zone
The storage area in a DNS server to store the IP addresses and names of systems for a particular domain or domains.
Start of Authority (SOA)
Defines the single DNS server in charge of the forward lookup zone.
NS records
All of the DNS servers for the domain
A records
The IPv4 addresses and names of all the systems on the domain.
Canonical Name (CNAME) record
Creates an alias
MX records
Used exclusively by SMTP servers to determine where to send mail.
AAAA records
The IPv6 addresses and names
Primary Zones
Forward lookup zones created on the authoritative name server.
Secondary Zones
Forward Lookup Zones created on other name servers to act as backups.
Reverse Lookup Zone
Enables a system to determine an FQDN by knowing the IP address
Pointer Record (PTR)
A record that points IP addresses to host names
Server Message Block (SMB)
Protocol used by Microsoft clients and servers to share file and print resources
DNS domains that are not on the Internet should use the top-level name _______.
.local
Windows workgroup
A name that organizes a group of computers
Windows domain
A group of computers controlled by a computer running Windows Server which is configured as a domain controller
Windows Active Directory
An organization of related computers that shares one or more Windows domains.
Active-Directory-Integrated Zone
A zone in which all domain controllers (DNS servers) are equal. (No authoritative)
DNS Suffix
Helps DHCP clients access network resources more efficiently by letting them know the name of the DNS domain to which they belong
Dynamic DNS (DDNS)
Enables DNS servers to get automatic updates of IP addresses of computers in their forward lookup zones, mainly by talking to the DHCP server
Command to force a DNS server to update its records
ipconfig /registerdns
DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC)
An authentication and authorization protocol designed to prevent bad guys from impersonating legitimate DNS servers
The first clue that there is a DNS problem is the ____________ error.
“server not found”
Command to eliminate any DNS caches on a Windows system
ipconfig /flushdns
Steps in Diagnosing TCP/IP Networks
1) Diagnose the NIC
2) Check the NIC’s driver
3) Diagnose locally (ping neighboring systems by both domain name and IP address)
4) Check IP address and subnet mask
5) Run netstat
6) Run netstat -s
7) Diagnose to the gateway
8) Diagnose to the Internet
