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HSCI 1121 - Midterm #2 Rewrite > Chapter 10 - Gender - Lectures > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Gender - Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

Sex

A

Anatomic maleness or femaleness

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2
Q

Gender

A

The sense or experience of maleness or femaleness

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3
Q

Sex reassignment surgery

A

Changes a person’s anatomic sex

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4
Q

What does the SRY gene on the Y chromosome prompt?

A

The formation of gonads that secrete androgens at puberty and result in a male-looking body.

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5
Q

Do females usually have SRY genes?

A

No

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6
Q

If an SRY is expressed on the X chromosome in an XX female, what will happen?

A

Testes will develop and the individual will be a phenotypic male.

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7
Q

What does gonadal sex regulate?

A

Hormones

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8
Q

What does gonadal sex influence?

A

Hormonal sex

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9
Q

Hormones influence the appearance of what?

A

External sex characteristics, and it affects other sites in the body, including the brain.

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10
Q

What is gender identity almost always consistent with?

A

Chromosomal gender

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11
Q

Intersexual

A

A person who possesses the gonads of one gender but external genitalia that is ambiguous or of the other gender.

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12
Q

Hermaphrodite

A

Possess both ovarian and testicular tissue.

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13
Q

Usually, what gender identity does a hermaphrodite have?

A

Usually the gender role assigned at birth, although this is changing.

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14
Q

According to evolutionary psychology, why are there gender differences?

A

They come from evolutionary processes that maximize reproductive fitness

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15
Q

How do prenatal sex hormones impact gender?

A

They may masculinize or feminize the brain, creating dispositions which are consistent with gender role stereotypes.

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16
Q

What does social-cognitive theory explain?

A

Gender-typed behaviour in terms of processes such as observational learning, identification, and socialization.

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17
Q

Socialization

A

The process of guiding people into socially acceptable behaviour patterns using information, rewards, and punishments.

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18
Q

Who are the key agents of socialization?

A

Parents and schools

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19
Q

Are women or men more susceptible to sexual stereotyping and why?

A

Women, because they were more responsive to cultural influences.

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20
Q

Social structural theory

A

Gender differences arise from unequal power divisions between the genders.

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21
Q

Gender similarities hypothesis.

A

Males and females are more similar than different on all but a few variables, which include certain aspects of sexuality. Men show greater incidence of masturbation, pornography use, casual sex behaviour, permissive attitudes toward casual sex.

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22
Q

What are the two main ways that men and women differ in response to sexual stimuli?

A

Specificity of sexual arousal and sexual concordance. Men’s sexual arousal and genital response correspond to their partner of preference, however heterosexual women will show arousal to sexual stimuli featuring both men and women.

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23
Q

Turner’s syndrome chromosomes

A

X0. Missing the second X “monosomy”.

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24
Q

Turner’s syndrome affects how many people?

A

1 in 2500 females

25
Q

What are signs and symptoms of Turner’s syndrome?

A

Short stature, underdeveloped breasts, infertile.

26
Q

What gender do most people with Turner’s syndrome identify as?

A

Women and intersex.

27
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome chromosomes

A

XXY

28
Q

How many people does Klinefelter’s syndrome affect?

A

1 in 500-1000 males.

29
Q

Signs and symptoms of Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

Breast development, small testes, shorter than average penises, low testosterone, no sperm .

30
Q

What gender do people with Klinefelter’s syndrome usually identify with?

A

Many do not identify as male and may seek to transition.

31
Q

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

A

CAH individuals exposed to high levels of androgens before birth. CAH individuals are genetic females with internal female structures but masculinized external genitals. As children, show more interest in masculine-typed toys, and as adults are more likely to want masculine-typed careers.

32
Q

What is the most common form of female intersexalism?

A

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

33
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome chromosomes

A

XY

34
Q

What type of phenotype do people with Androgen insensitivity syndrome develop?

A

Female

35
Q

What do mutations in the androgen-receptor genes do in people with Androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A

Prevent the body tissue from masculinizing to some degree.

36
Q

How do people with Androgen insensitivity syndrome usually identify?

A

Heterosexual women.

37
Q

5‐Alpha‐reductase Deficiency (AKA Dominican Republic Syndrome)

A

Enzyme deficiency means external genitals at birth are female. At puberty, however, testosterone levels cause the testes to descend and masculinize the external genitals.

38
Q

How common is 5‐Alpha‐reductase Deficiency (AKA Dominican Republic Syndrome)?

A

Rare, but there are clusters of cases in some regions.

39
Q

After puberty, how do most people with 5‐Alpha‐reductase Deficiency (AKA Dominican Republic Syndrome) identify?

A

Male

40
Q

How do parents talk and play differently with boys and girls?

A

Respond less quickly to boys, play rougher with boys; are more emotionally expressive with girls and spend more time hugging and cuddling them.

41
Q

What are children’s toy preferences due to?

A

Gender socialization and operant conditioning. Androgen might play a role in preferring boy’s toys.

42
Q

What are innate gender differences?

A

Boy babies are more active and irritable. Girl babies meet developmental milestones earlier.

43
Q

When does children’s behaviour begin to differentiate according to gender?

A

The toddler and preschool years.

44
Q

If a child insists that they are the other sex, how long does that usually last for?

A

Into adolescents and adulthood.

45
Q

MTF

A

Male-to-female

46
Q

FTM

A

Female-to-male

47
Q

Do the majority of transmen have gender confirming childhoods?

A

No

48
Q

Who are the majority of transmen sexually attracted to?

A

Women

49
Q

Do transmen or transwomen have an easier time adjusting?

A

Transmen

50
Q

First stage of transitioning

A

A psychological and physical evaluation by professionals

51
Q

Second stage of transitioning

A

Living as the target gender for at least one year

52
Q

Third stage of transitioning

A

Hormone Replacement Therapy

53
Q

Fourth stage of transitioning

A

Sex-reassignment surgery

54
Q

According to the DSM-5, what is the root of Gender Dysphoria (what is the clinical problem)?

A

The distress associated with “incongruence between one’s expressed or experienced gender and one’s assigned gender”.

55
Q

Who is more likely to be referred for evaluation of gender identity disorder, boys or girls?

A

Boys

56
Q

Phalloplasty

A

Surgical creation of an artificial penis

57
Q

Scrotoplasty

A

Surgical creation of artificial testicles/scrotum

58
Q

After surgery, are most transsexual people satisfied?

A

Yes.

HSCI 1121 - Midterm #2 Rewrite (12 decks)

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