Chapter 10: Forests

Question 1

What are old growth forests?

Answer 1

Primary forests in which the trees are at least 150 yrs old

Question 2

What is variable retention harvesting?

Answer 2

When logging is done selectively to maintain a certain percentage and characteristics of the forest ecosystem

Question 3

About how much of the earth’s land surface is covered by forests?

Answer 3

31%

Question 4

What are the three main basic requirements for trees?

Answer 4

Macronutrients- required in large amounts
micronutrients- required in small amounts
transpiration- water loss from leaf surface, cools plants and assists in moving nutrients

Question 5

Boreal forest

Answer 5

• TALL AND CONIFEROUS TREES

- cold and dry climates

Question 6

Temperate forest

Answer 6

• MID HEIGHT AND MAINLY DECIDUOUS TREES
• seasonal climate(winter,summer)
• canada

Question 7

Tropical forest

Answer 7

Equatorial-latitude forest
-huge biodiversity of plants and trees
wet, tropical climate

Question 8

What are the three subtypes of drylands? briefly describe them.

Answer 8

SHRUBLANDS: wooded areas covered by shrubs, ocassionally tall trees(tundra)
SAVANNAH: open area dominated by grasses and sparse trees
GRASSLANDS: dominated by grasses, plants(non-woody)

Question 9

What country has the highest amount of forested land per capita?

Answer 9

Canada

Question 10

What is the largest forested region of Canada

Answer 10

Boreal Forest(taiga)

Question 11

What is the canopy?

Answer 11

In regards to trees, the canopy is the upper level of leaves and branches

Question 12

In what provinces/territories does the Boreal forest occur in canada?

Answer 12

Everywhere except Nova Scotia and PEI

Question 13

What is softwood?

Answer 13

Timber harvested from CONIFEROUS trees(boreal)

Question 14

What is hardwood?

Answer 14

Timber harvested from deciduous trees

Question 15

What are NTFPs?

Answer 15

Non timber forest products, eg. medicinal/herbal products

Question 16

What is the difference between reforestation and afforestation?

Answer 16

Reforestation is the planting of trees within a relatively short period of time after logging, afforestation is planting trees where forests have not existed for a long period of time(over 50 yrs)

Question 17

New forestry

Answer 17

timber cuts that come close to mimicking natural disturbances

Question 18

What is the principle of maximum sustainable yield?

Answer 18

a way of renewable resource managemnt based on harvesting only as much wood as can be regenerated within one year

Question 19

What is a primary forest?

Answer 19

A long standing natural forest, uncut by humans

Question 20

What is the main cause of deforestation in Canada?

Answer 20

Agriculture

Question 21

What is swidden farming?

Answer 21

When an area of forest is clear and crops are planted. After a season of planting, the farmer moves to clear another patch of forest, giving the previous patch of cleared forest time to replenish

Question 22

Where do the fastest rates of deforestation occur?

Answer 22

The tropical rainforests of Latin America and Afric

Question 23

What is ecosystem based management?

Answer 23

The management of the harvesting of resources to minimize the impact on ecosystems.

Question 24

What is adaptive management?

Answer 24

The systemic testing of different management approaches with the aim of improving management methods.

Question 25

What is the difference between a ground fire and a crown fire?

Answer 25

A ground fire is when the litter of a forest burns, a crown fire is when the canopy of a tree burns

Question 26

What are the consequences of suppressing the breakout of a forest fire?

Answer 26

Over the long term, the suppression of fire leads to the buildup of deadwood that can fuel large scale catastrophic fires

Question 27

What is salvage logging and what are the effects?

Answer 27

Salvage logging is the removal of dead trees following a natural disturbance.

• can be destructive
• standing dead trees provide place to nest for many animals
• increases erosion, soil damage
• promotes future fires